This article was downloaded by: [108.203.157.83] On: 05 June 2015, At: 18:54 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/umte20 Evaluating Broader Impacts of Nanoscale Thermal Transport Research Li Shia, Chris Damesb, Jennifer R. Lukesc, Pramod Reddyd, John Dudae, David G. Cahillf, Jaeho Leeg, Amy Marconneth, Kenneth E. Goodsoni, Je-Hyeong Bahkj, Ali Shakourij, Ravi S. Prasherk, Jonathan Feltsl, William P. Kingm, Bumsoo Hanh & John C. Bischofn a Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Click for updates Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA c Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA d Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA e Seagate Technology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA g Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA h School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA i Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA j Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA k Sheetak Inc., Austin, Texas, USA l Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA m Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA n Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Published online: 05 Jun 2015. To cite this article: Li Shi, Chris Dames, Jennifer R. Lukes, Pramod Reddy, John Duda, David G. Cahill, Jaeho Lee, Amy Marconnet, Kenneth E. Goodson, Je-Hyeong Bahk, Ali Shakouri, Ravi S. Prasher, Jonathan Felts, William P. King, Bumsoo Han & John C. Bischof (2015) Evaluating Broader Impacts of Nanoscale Thermal Transport Research, Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 19:2, 127-165, DOI: 10.1080/15567265.2015.1031857 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567265.2015.1031857 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. 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Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions Downloaded by [108.203.157.83] at 18:54 05 June 2015 Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 19: 127–165, 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1556-7265 print / 1556-7273 online DOI: 10.1080/15567265.2015.1031857 EVALUATING BROADER IMPACTS OF NANOSCALE THERMAL TRANSPORT RESEARCH Li Shi1, Chris Dames2,JenniferR.Lukes3, Pramod Reddy4, John Duda5, David G. Cahill6, Jaeho Lee7, Amy Marconnet8, Kenneth E. Goodson9, Je-Hyeong Bahk10, Ali Shakouri10, Ravi S. Prasher11, Jonathan Felts12, William P. King13,BumsooHan8, and John C. Bischof14 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA 3Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 4Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 5Seagate Technology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 6Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 7Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA 8School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 9Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA 10Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 11Sheetak Inc., Austin, Texas, USA 12Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Downloaded by [108.203.157.83] at 18:54 05 June 2015 Texas, USA 13Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 14Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA The past two decades have witnessed the emergence and rapid growth of the research field of nanoscale thermal transport. Much of the work in this field has been fundamental stud- ies that have explored the mechanisms of heat transport in nanoscale films, wires, particles, interfaces, and channels. However, in recent years there has been an increasing empha- sis on utilizing the fundamental knowledge gained toward understanding and improving Manuscript received 16 November 2014; accepted 13 March 2015. Address correspondence to Li Shi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712. E-mail: [email protected] Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/umte 127 128 L. SHI ET AL. device and system performances. In this opinion article, an attempt is made to provide an evaluation of the existing and potential impacts of the basic research efforts in this field on the developments of the heat transfer discipline, workforce, and a number of technologies, including heat-assisted magnetic recording, phase change memories, thermal management of microelectronics, thermoelectric energy conversion, thermal energy storage, building and vehicle heating and cooling, manufacturing, and biomedical devices. The goal is to iden- tify successful examples, significant challenges, and potential opportunities where thermal science research in nanoscale has been or will be a game changer. KEY WORDS: nanoscale thermal transport, broader impacts, nanotechnology, nanomaterials, heat transfer INTRODUCTION Because of its high relevance to societal needs, heat transfer research has had a long history spanning over 300 years. The formulation of Newton’s law of cooling [1] and Fourier’s law [2] in 1701 and 1822, respectively, established the foundations for studying convection and conduction, two of the three heat transfer modes. In comparison, compre- hensive understanding of the third heat transfer mode, thermal radiation, began with the discovery of Planck’s law in 1900 [3], which played an important role in the develop- ment of quantum physics, a scientific revolution that has profoundly impacted both basic science and modern technologies. Though it was known that the three foundational laws in heat transfer could break down at small length or timescales, the need for a paradigm shift was largely absent until the rapid expansion of research and development activities in nanotechnology over the past two decades. The recent advances in top-down patterning and bottom-up synthesis methods have led to the fabrication of nanoscale and atomic scale particles, wires, films, and channels for applications in information, medical, and energy technologies. As one notable example, the printed line widths of ultra-large-scale integrated circuit devices are now as small as tens of nanometers. The characteristic length of these and some other devices and functional materials is now comparable to or shorter than the mean free path or wavelength of the heat carriers, which include molecules, photons, elec- trons, phonons, and magnons. As such, these new problems cannot be adequately treated by the three classical heat transfer laws. This circumstance has stimulated the emergence and expansion of the research field of nanoscale thermal transport over the past two decades. Downloaded by [108.203.157.83] at 18:54 05 June 2015 This multidisciplinary research field has benefited from several major breakthroughs in experimental techniques in the broader nanoscale science and technology research com- munity, including scanning probe microscopy [4, 5], nanofabrication, ultrafast lasers, and spectroscopy. In addition, it has taken advantage of the rapid development in large-scale parallel computing. These new capabilities have