APRIL amp front_back_am&p master template 2010 QX6.qxt 3/24/2014 10:05 AM Page 991 www.asminternational.org APRIL 2014 • VOL 172, NO 4 AN ASM INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION left of cover ad_Layout 1 2/19/2014 10:53 AM Page 1 APRIL amp front_back_am&p master template 2010 QX6.qxt 3/24/2014 10:05 AM Page 991 www.asminternational.org APRIL 2014 • VOL 172, NO 4 Materials Testing & Characterization ICME and Friction Stir Welding • Determining Ductile Fracture Toughness • In-House vs. Outsourced Materials Testing • AN ASM INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION APRIL amp front_back_am&p master template 2010 QX6.qxt 3/24/2014 10:05 AM Page 992 APRIL amp front_back_am&p master template 2010 QX6.qxt 3/24/2014 2:29 PM Page 1 contents 19 Determining Ductile Fracture Toughness in Metals Xiang (Frank) Chen, Randy K. Nanstad, Mikhail A. Sokolov, and Eric T. Manneschmidt Ductile fracture toughness testing is useful for evaluating a material’s structural integrity. Three different techniques are ON THE COVER: explored in this article. Scientists in the Materials Science TECHNICAL SPOTLIGHT & Technology Division at Oak Analyzing Metals with Handheld Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) 24 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) set up a novel testing apparatus to LIBS is taking its first leap into portable metal analysis. determine elevated temperature fracture toughness in metals. TECHNICAL SPOTLIGHT Courtesy of ORNL, Tenn. 27 In-House vs. Outsourced Materials Testing: www.ornl.gov. How to Decide When making the choice between onsite and outsourced testing, quality and time are as important as ROI in the final analysis. ITSC 2014 SHOW PREVIEW 29 Not Fiction: Thermal Spray the Key Technology in Modern Life The International Thermal Spray Conference and Exhibition (ITSC), taking place May 21-23 in Barcelona, Spain, features DEPARTMENTS a three-day exposition, conference, poster session, 2 Editorial education courses, and much more. 4 Market Spotlight 30 ICME Helps Develop Friction Stir Welding 4 Feedback Process for Steels 6 Of Material Interest Yu-Ping Yang Developing a process model to improve understanding of 8 Industry News thermal, mechanical, and microstructural effects—plus 8 Metals/Polymers/Ceramics optimizing process parameters—during the friction stir welding of steels is essential in order to implement 10 Testing/Characterization integrated computational materials engineering. 12 Emerging Technology 14 Energy Trends METALLURGY LANE The Age of Steel: Part II 15 Surface Engineering 32 Charles R. Simcoe 16 Process Technology By 1875, the Bessemer steel industry had spread across the 18 Nanotechnology country from eastern Pennsylvania to St. Louis, with the epicenter in Pittsburgh. 42 Products/Literature 45 Advertisers Index 45 Classifieds 35 ASM News The monthly publication about ASM members, chapters, events, 45 Special Advertising Section awards, conferences, affiliates, and other Society activities. 46 Editorial Preview ASM International serves materials professionals, nontechnical personnel, and managers worldwide by providing high-quality materials 4 7 Stress Relief information, education and training, networking opportunities, and professional development resources in cost-effective and user-friendly formats. ASM is where materials users, producers, and manufacturers converge to do business. 48 Success Analysis Advanced Materials & Processes (ISSN 0882-7958, USPS 762080) is published monthly, except bimonthly November/December, by ASM International, 9639 Kinsman Road, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002; tel: 440/338-5151; fax: 440/338-4634. Periodicals postage paid at Nov- elty, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Vol. 172, No. 4, April 2014. Copyright © 2014 by ASM International. All rights reserved. Distributed Check out the at no charge to ASM members in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. International members can pay a $30 per year surcharge to receive printed issues. Subscriptions: $461. Single copies: $45. POSTMASTER: Send 3579 forms to ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073- Digital Edition online at 0002. http://amp.digitaledition. Change of address: Request for change should include old address of the subscriber. Missing numbers due to “change of address” cannot be replaced. Claims for nondelivery must be made within 60 days of issue. Canada Post Publications Mail Agreement No. 40732105. Return asminternational.org undeliverable Canadian addresses to: 700 Dowd Ave., Elizabeth, NJ 07201. Printed by Publishers Press Inc., Shepherdsville, Ky. ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES • APRIL 2014 1 APRIL amp front_back_am&p master template 2010 QX6.qxt 3/25/2014 10:06 AM Page 2 materials witness 9639 Kinsman Road Materials Park, OH 44073 Tel: 440/338-5151 • Fax: 440/338-4634 Frances Richards, Senior Editor Prepare to be amazed [email protected] Julie Kalista, Editor rom the real-life “Lost” drama about the disappearance of [email protected] FMalaysia Airlines Flight 370 to Vladimir Putin staking his claim Barbara L. Brody, Art Director on Crimea to Watson being used to help cure brain cancer, there Joanne Miller, Production Manager; Editor, ASM News is no shortage of amazing news these days. Likewise, the world of [email protected] materials science is also full of fantastic discoveries and mindbog- Press Release Editor gling news. If you had to pick the most amazing materials-related [email protected] story as of late, what would it be? My vote goes to MIT’s recent work on “living materials.” In Jan- EDITORIAL COMMITTEE uary, we reported on one of their projects involving genetically modified viruses being Mario Epler, Chair, Carpenter Technology Corp. used to help produce nanowires to solve some problems facing lithium-ion batteries. Yu-Ping Yang, Vice Chair, Edison Welding Institute The gist of the research is that the virus-built nanowires feature a rough and spiky sur- Ellen Cerreta, Past Chair, Los Alamos National Lab face that dramatically increases surface area, significantly improving the rate of charg- William Lenling, Board Liaison ing and discharging within the battery. Laura Addessio, PCC Structurals Inc. Now, another group at MIT is using bacterial cells to produce biofilms that can incor- Arvind Agarwal, Florida International University porate nonliving materials, for example, quantum dots or gold nanoparticles. It’s a best-of- Gerald Bruck, Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp. Steven Claves, Alcoa Inc. both-worlds scenario: Researchers say that these living materials combine the advantages Adam Farrow, Los Alamos National Lab of living cells—which respond to the environment, produce biological molecules, and span Nia Harrison, Ford Motor Co. multiple length scales—with the benefits of nonliving materials that can add functions Alan Luo, The Ohio State University such as conducting electricity or emitting light. The team believes that these hybrid ma- Roger Narayan, UNC-NCSU terials are worth exploring for use in energy applications such as batteries and solar cells, Scott Olig, Vision Point Systems in addition to diagnostic devices and scaffolds used in tissue engineering. Nina Pang, Boston University If ASM’s recent survey about emerging technologies is any indication, these are just Somuri Prasad, Sandia National Lab the sorts of materials that will have the most impact on society over the next few years. Fei Ren, Oak Ridge National Lab The ASM Emerging Technologies Awareness Committee conducted a survey of roughly Michael Rigsbee, North Carolina State University 300 members (R&D leaders within their organizations) to gain feedback on materials- Kumar Sridharan, University of Wisconsin Jaimie Tiley, U.S. Air Force Research Lab related technologies believed to be the most promising for the near future. The top five Cong Wang, Saint-Gobain High Performance categories chosen by respondents include high-performance materials, energy mate- Materials rials, additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and integrated computational materi- als engineering. Based on these results, ASM will consider developing new events, ASM BOARD OF TRUSTEES education courses, and publications around these topics. As discussed previously in C. Ravi Ravindran, President this column, the idea of moving boldly into the future necessitates embracing these Sunniva R. Collins, Vice President emerging technologies. Robert J. Fulton, Treasurer In other Society news, ASM is proud to be part of President Obama’s newly an- Gernant E. Maurer, Immediate Past President nounced American Lightweight Materials Manufacturing Innovation Institute (ALM- Jeffrey A. Hawk MII), being led by EWI, University of Michigan, and The Ohio State University. ASM is William J. Lenling part of the new consortium of 60 members, including leading manufacturers of alu- Linda S. Schadler minum, high strength steel, and titanium, along with universities and laboratories in- Iver Anderson Mitchell Dorfman volved in research and development of lightweight metals. Next up this year is a new James C. Foley Advanced Composite Manufacturing Institute, slated for $70 million in DOE funding Jacqueline M. Earle over five years. The institute will primarily target continuous or discontinuous carbon John R. Keough and glass fiber composites, materials based on thermoset or thermoplastic resins with Zi-Kui Liu superior strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios relative to other materials. Funding Thomas S. Passek, Secretary and Managing closes April 22 with full information available at www.energy.gov. Director No matter what type of material