Afrophobia in Europe ENAR Shadow Report 2014-2015 european network against racism Author: Ojeaku Nwabuzo, ENAR Senior Research Officer Research assistant: Tirza Emmering, ENAR Policy Assistant Copy editors: Georgina Siklossy, ENAR Senior Communication and Press Officer, and Claire Fernandez, ENAR Deputy Director for Programmes Racism is a reality in the lives of many ethnic and religious minorities in the EU. However, the extent and manifestations of this reality are often unknown and undocumented, especially in official data sources, meaning that it can be difficult to analyse the situation and to establish solutions to it. The ENAR Shadow Reports are produced to fill the gaps in the official and academic data, to offer an alternative to these data and to bring an NGO perspective on the realities of racism in the EU and its Member States. NGO reports are, by their nature, based on many sources of data, official, unofficial, academic and experiential. This allows access to information which, while sometimes not backed up by the rigours of academic standards, provides the vital perspective of those that either are or work directly with those affected by racism. It is this that gives NGO reports their added value, complementing academic and official reporting. Published by the European Network Against Racism (ENAR) in Brussels, in December 2015, with the support of the Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme of the European Union, the Open Society Foundations and the ENAR Foundation. The contents of this publication can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Commission or of the Open Society Foundations. ENAR reserves the right not to be responsible for the accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided in this report. Liability claims regarding damage caused by the use of any information provided, including any information which is incomplete or incorrect, will therefore be rejected. Design and layout: Crossmark ENAR – European Network Against Racism aisbl 67 Rue Ducale, B-1000 Brussels Tel +32 2 229 35 70 Fax +32 2 229 35 75 Email: [email protected] www.enar-eu.org Table of contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................4 Terminology ..........................................................................................................................8 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Population ...................................................................................................................................................................10 1.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................................11 2. policy context ................................................................................................................ 13 2.1 EU policy.......................................................................................................................................................................13 2.2 National legislative and policy developments .....................................................................................13 2.3 Political discourse on migration and the impact on PAD/BE ......................................................16 2.4 Data collection .........................................................................................................................................................16 3. Employment .................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Barriers to employment ......................................................................................................................................18 3.2 Employment statistics ..........................................................................................................................................19 3.3 Discrimination cases .............................................................................................................................................20 3.4 Intersectionality and multiple discrimination .......................................................................................21 3.5 Discrimination within employment ............................................................................................................22 4. Education .........................................................................................................................24 4.1 Attainment ..................................................................................................................................................................24 4.2 Exclusions and drop-outs ..................................................................................................................................25 4.3 Workforce .....................................................................................................................................................................25 4.4 Discriminatory curriculum ................................................................................................................................26 4.5 Racist bullying in schools ...................................................................................................................................27 5. Public representation and political participation .........................................28 5.1 Political representation........................................................................................................................................28 5.2 Voting .............................................................................................................................................................................28 5.3 Hateful discourse ...................................................................................................................................................29 5.4 Social media ...............................................................................................................................................................31 5.5 Mainstream media .................................................................................................................................................32 5.6 Diversity in the media ..........................................................................................................................................33 6. Health .............................................................................................................................. 34 7. Housing .............................................................................................................................35 8. Policing and criminal justice .................................................................................36 8.1 Ethnic profiling .........................................................................................................................................................36 8.2 Police violence ..........................................................................................................................................................36 8.3 Racist crimes ..............................................................................................................................................................38 9. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 40 ENAR Shadow Report 2014-2015 1 Foreword The European Network Despite the lack of comparable data, disaggregated Against Racism has been by ethnic origin, the Shadow Report brings to light the advocating for a specific current reality and trends of racism against PAD/BE in its response to Afrophobia many facets within 20 European countries. In this report in the European union we provide evidence of racism and related discrimination (EU) for years. We have across Europe. We gather expertise from Black activists, brought testimonies and anti-racism organisations and researchers, who conducted stories of many people of desk research and interviews to expose the stories of African descent in Europe victims. These stories are invaluable to bring the issue and Black Europeans to the fore, but without the means to collect more data (PAD/BE) to the attention of EU institutions and EU based on self-identification, we know this is just the tip of Member States. This edition of the ENAR Shadow Report the iceberg and many more stories remain invisible. is the second dedicating special attention to the way in which racism and related discrimination impact the The lack of data can no longer be used to justify lives of people of African descent/Black Europeans. The inaction. Black people in Europe endure structural first one was the 2010/2011 Shadow Report on Racism discrimination, which replicates power domination that in the EU, with a focus on PAD/BE on the occasion of the goes back to colonialism and the trans-Atlantic slave 2011 United Nations