Notes The following abbreviations have been used for the location and designation of documentary sources. Cherwell Papers, Nuffield College, Oxford Public Records Office (PRO): ADM Admiralty AIR Air Ministry AVIA Ministry of Aviation CAB Cabinet Office DEFE Ministry of Defence FD Medical Research Council TTreasury WO War Office Introduction 1. CAB103/205, Science at War, Memo for ACSP, 8 October 1947. Chapter 1 Organization of Science for War 1. Editorial, Nature, 17 June 1915. 2. John Bradley, History and Development of Aircraft Instruments, 1909–1919, PhD thesis, 1994, Science Museum Library. 3. L. F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud. Chemical Warfare in the First World War, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, p. 273. 4. Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker (eds), Science, Technology and National Socialism, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 88. 5. Ibid., p. 9. 6. Ibid., pp. 81–2. 7. Ibid., p. 6. 8. Ibid., pp. 53–8. 9. Ibid., p. 51. 10. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb. The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1934–1956, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 146. 11. Ibid., pp. 21, 145. 12. Andrew Brown, ‘Blackett at Cambridge, 1919–1933’, Blackett Centenary Conference, 24 September 1998. 13. Sir Henry Tizard, ‘Science and the Services’, RUSI Jnl., vol. XCI, no. 563, August 1946, p. 338. 188 Notes 189 14. Peter Hennessy and Sir Douglas Hague, ‘How Hitler Reformed Whitehall’, Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics, no. 41, 1985, p. 8. 15. Ibid., p. 19. 16. Solly Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords, 1904–46, London, 1978, App. 1, ‘The Tots and Quots’. 17. Anon, Science in War, ‘Penguin Special’, Penguin Books, 1940. 18. Vannevar Bush, Pieces of the Action, London, 1972, p. 74. 19. Ibid., p. 36. 20. James Phinney Baxter, Scientists Against Time, MIT Press, paperback edn, 1968, chs I and VIII. 21. David Zimmerman, Top Secret Exchange, The Tizard Mission and the Scientific War, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996, chs 1–7. 22. Henry E. Guerlac, Radar in World War II, New York, American Institute of Physics, 1987, ch. 9. 23. Jeremy Bernstein, Experience of Science, Dutton Paperback, New York, 1978, p. 93. 24. F. E. Terman to A. P. Rowe, 23 July 1962 (author’s collection). 25. A. P. Rowe, One Story of Radar, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 84–6. 26. A. P. Rowe, ‘From Scientific Idea to Practical Use’, Minerva Quarterly Review, Spring 1946, pp. 309–10. 27. John Bradley, op. cit. 28. Ralph Benjamin, Five Lives in One, An Insider’s View of the Defence and Intelli- gence World, Parapress Ltd, 1996, p. 28. 29. Bush, op. cit., p. 279. ADM I/10459, Statistical Branch Admy. Lindemann as Head of S Branch. 30. Sir Frederick Brundrett to A. P. Rowe, 21 September 1962 (author’s collection). 31. Lord Hankey, ‘Technical and Scientific Manpower’, The Worker in Industry, HMSO, 1952. 32. Alice Kemball Smith and Charles Weiner, Robert Oppenheimer Letters and Recollections, Harvard University Press, 1980. Letter to James Conant, 1 Febru- ary 1943. 33. Holloway, op. cit., pp. 74–5. 34. Ulrich Albrecht, The Soviet Armaments Industry, Harvard Academic Publishers, USA, 1993, p. 58. 35. Holloway, op. cit., p. 206. 36. Ibid., pp. 138–41. 37. Ibid., pp. 148–9. 38. K. H. Ludwig, Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich, Dusseldorf, 1979, p. 28. 39. AVIA 39/4, German Academic Scientists and the War by Major I. W. B. Gill. 40. ADM 213/611, Scientific Research in Germany: Establishments and Organ- isation, W. Osenberg, 1945. 41. Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb, p. 501. 42. AVIA 39/4, op. cit. 43. Guy Hartcup and T. E. Allibone, Cockcroft and the Atom, Hilger, Bristol, 1986, p. 83. Chapter 2 Radar: Defence and Offence 1. S. S. Swords, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, Peter Peregrinus, London, 1986, p. 43. See also R. W. Burns, Radar Development to 1945, Inst- 190 Notes itute of Electrical Engineers, 1988, ch. 40, ‘Who invented radar?’ by Prof. C. Susskind. 2. David Pritchard, The Radar War. Germany’s Pioneering Achievement, 1904–45, London, 1929, p. 57 et seq. 3. Swords, op. cit., p. 141. 4. Sir Philip Joubert, ‘Science in Planning for Defence, Review of Science and Government by C. P. Snow’, Daily Telegraph, April 1961. 5. T 161/855; T 161/891. 6. J. E. Allen to author, 22 December 1980. 7. B. T. Neale, ‘CH, The First Operational Radar’, GEC Journal of Research, Spe- cial issue on radar, vol. 3, no. 2, 1985. 8. RAF Hist. Soc., The Battle Rethought. A Symposium on the Battle of Britain, 25 June 1990, p. 10. Contains much useful material on radar’s effect on the battle. 9. Sir Mark Oliphant, ‘Comments on C. P. Snow’s Science and Government’, reviewed by P. M. S. Blackett in Scientific American, September 1966. 10. R. W. Burns, op. cit., ‘The Background to the Development of the Cavity Magnetron’, ch. 19. 11. Russell Miller, ‘Secret Weapon: How Two British Inventors Helped to Win the Battle of the Atlantic’, Sunday Times Magazine, 7 September 1975, pp. 8–15. 12. Burns, op. cit., p. 277. 13. R. W. Clark, Tizard, London, 1965, p. 268. 14. AIR 19/517, Director of Radar. Consideration of A. P. Rowe. Correspond- ence between Col J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon and Sir Archibald Sinclair, May 1941. 15. Sir Bernard Lovell, Echoes of War, Hilger, Bristol, 1991, p. 41. 16. E. G. Bowen, Radar Days, Hilger, Bristol, 1987, p. 69. 17. Ibid., p. 181. 18. Robert Buderi, The Invention that Changed the World. The story of radar from war to peace, London, 1997, p. 124. 19. RAF Hist. Soc., Seek and Sink. A symposium on the Battle of the Atlantic, 21 Octo- ber 1991. Very good on the technical side. 20. Ibid., p. 50. 21. Ibid., p. 32. 22. Rowe, ‘From Scientific Idea to Practical Use’, op. cit., pp. 306–7. 23. CAB 47/15 Butt Report. 24. Lovell, op. cit., p. 95. 25. Ibid., p. 150. 26. Pritchard, op. cit., p. 91. 27. Lovell, op. cit., p. 184 et seq. 28. Buderi, op. cit., pp. 188–9. 29. Derek Howse, Radar at Sea. The Royal Navy in World War 2, London, 1993, p. 68. 30. Ibid., p. 147, AVIA 46/36 Radar History. Interview with Charles Wright. ‘The 271 Set was one of the outstanding achievements of the war’. 31. Howse, op. cit., pp. 156–7. 32. Ibid., p. 96. 33. Ibid., pp. 158–9. 34. D. H. Tomlin, ‘The Origins and Development of the UK army radar to 1946’, in Burns, op. cit., Radar Development to 1945, ch. 20, p. 292. Notes 191 35. Buderi, op. cit., pp. 131–4. 36. Hartcup and Allibone, op. cit., pp. 109–10. 37. Pritchard, op. cit., pp. 48–50. 38. Ibid., p. 65, 73. 39. Ibid., pp. 155, 165. 40. Howse, op. cit., pp. 45–9. 41. Pritchard, op. cit., p. 195. 42. Guerlac, op. cit., ch. 18. Chapter 3 Diverse Applications of Radio and Radar 1. Capt. Geoffrey Bennett, RN, ‘The Development of the Proximity Fuse’, RUSI Jnl., March 1976. 2. R. V. Jones, Reflections on Intelligence, London, 1989, p. 229 et seq. 3. AIR 40/2572, The Oslo Evidence, Scientific Intelligence sent to Naval Attaché, Notes by R. V. Jones. See also R. V. Jones, Most Secret War, London, 1978, ch. 8. 4. Guy Hartcup, The Challenge of War. Scientific and Engineering Contributions to World War Two, David & Charles, 1970, pp. 173–6. 5. T 169/39, Royal Comm on Awards to Inventors. Transcripts of Claim by Cobden Turner for PF. See also T 166/25. 6. Baxter, op. cit., p. 223 et seq. 7. WO 163/205, Weapon Development Cttee, ‘VT fuses: development and production in UK’ by H. Gough. 8. Hartcup and Allibone, op. cit., pp. 110–11. 9. Gen. Sir F. A. Pile to The Times, 5 April 1946. 10. CAB 122/365, Armament Programmes – VT fuses, 22 November 1945. 11. A. O. Bauer, ‘Receiver and Transmitter Development in Germany, 1920–1943’, pp. 76–82, Instn of Electrical Engineers Int. Conference on 100 Years of Radio, 5–7 September 1995. 12. Ibid., E. B. Callick, VHF Communications at RAE, 1937–42, pp. 153–60. 13. CAB 102/641, History of Development Production of Radio and Radar, p. 78 et seq. 14. Ibid., Radio at Sea, p. 11 et seq. 15. F. A. Kingsley (ed.), Radar and Other Electronic Systems in the Royal Navy in World War 2, P. G. Redgment, ‘HF DF in the RN. Development of Anti- U-boat Equipment, 1941–45’, London, 1995. 16. Howse, op. cit., pp. 142–6. 17. ADM 220/1486, C. Crampton et al., ‘HF DF in HM Ships’. 18. C. Crampton, ‘Naval Radio Direction-Finding’, Jnl Instn of Electrical Engin- eers, vol. 94, pt IIIA, nos 11 and 15, 1947. 19. AVIA 46/37, Interview with Crampton, Admiralty Signal Estab. 20. ADM 220/291, ‘Appreciation of the German Kurier System of telegraphy and the intercept problem’, 20 August 1948. Reprint of report dated 1945. 21. Jürgen Rohwer, Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943, London, 1977. RAF Hist. Soc., Seek and Sink, op. cit., Rohwehr, ‘A German perspective’, p. 59. Kingsley, Radar and Other Electronic Systems, op. cit., Relation between DF and Ultra. 192 Notes 22. ADM 220/234 Signal Intelligence Board. D. F. Sub Cttee, 1944–45, Visit to USA by W. Rose, Admy. Sig. Estab., 13 February 1945. 23. Philip Warner, The Story of Royal Signals, 1945–85, London, 1989, Lieut-Col H. Winterbotham on HF DF. 24. Hartcup, The Challenge of War, op. cit., pp. 182–7. 25. AVIA 23/612, Communications trials of No.