Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment - Feasibility Study FINAL REPORT C U H K Planning Department: Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment – Feasibility Study FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 16 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................ 19 ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... 21 INTRODUCTION: THE URBAN CLIMATIC MAP AND STANDARDS FOR WIND ENVIRONMENT - FEASIBILITY STUDY..................................... 23 PART I: URBAN CLIMATIC MAP (UC-MAP) ............................................... 25 PART I(A): URBAN CLIMATIC MAP (UC-MAP) .......................................................... 26 PART I(A)-1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 26 1.1 DEFINITION OF UC-MAP ...................................................................................... 27 1.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART OF UC-MAP ....................................................................... 28 1.3 MODUS OPERANDI OF UC-MAP ......................................................................... 30 PART I(A)-2 DESKTOP STUDIES ..................................................................................... 33 2.1 OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 33 2.2 CASE STUDY I – STUTTGART, GERMANY ....................................................... 35 2.3 CASE STUDY II – KASSEL, GERMANY .............................................................. 45 2.4 CASE STUDY III – TOKYO, JAPAN ..................................................................... 53 2.5 A SUMMARY OF GENERAL LESSONS LEARNT FROM CASE STUDIES ..... 62 PART I(B): URBAN CLIMATIC ANALYSIS MAP FOR HONG KONG ..................... 64 1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 64 1.2 KEY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 85 1.3 UC-ANMAP AND PET ............................................................................................ 86 1.4 DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING ........................................................... 88 1.5 LAYERS AND THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ............................................... 89 1.6 FINAL UC-ANMAP ............................................................................................... 170 1.7 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE UC-ANMAP ................................................................ 172 1.8 CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATON OF THE UC-ANMAP ............................ 173 1.9 UPDATING OF UC-ANMAP ................................................................................ 177 1.10 UC-ANMAP IN GIS FORMAT .............................................................................. 179 1.11 FUTURE WORK ..................................................................................................... 179 PART I(C): URBAN CLIMATIC PLANNING RECOMMENDATION MAP FOR HONG KONG ...................................................................................................................... 180 School of Architecture, CUHK Page 2 of 518 Planning Department: Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment – Feasibility Study FINAL REPORT PART I(C)-1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 180 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 180 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE UC-REMAP ........................................................................... 180 1.3 STATE OF THE ART OF FORMULATING THE UC-REMAP .......................... 181 1.4 MODUS OPERANDI OF UC-REMAP FOR HONG KONG ................................ 181 PART I(C)-2 DESKTOP STUDY FOR UC-REMAP ....................................................... 183 2.1 CASE STUDY – STUTTGART, GERMANY ....................................................... 183 2.2 CASE STUDY– TOKYO, JAPAN ......................................................................... 186 2.3 LESSON DRAWING FROM CASE STUDIES ..................................................... 192 PART I(C)-3 METHODOLOGY OF THE UC-REMAP FOR HONG KONG .................. 193 3.1 PROCESS AND A PARAMETRIC UNDERSTANDING .................................... 193 3.2 KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 206 3.3 UC-REMAP – STRATEGIC AND DISTRICT PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 208 3.4 A GENERAL COMMENTARY AND NOTES OF THE UC-REMAP ................. 213 3.5 FOUR DESIGNATED AREAS .............................................................................. 215 3.6 BEYOND THE FOUR DESIGNATED AREAS (FOCUSED AREAS) ................ 219 3.7 LIMITATIONS AND CARE IN READING, INTERPRETING AND USING THE UC-REMAP ............................................................................................................. 220 3.8 STRATEGIC PLANNING IMPLICATIONS OF THE UC-REMAP .................... 221 3.9 UPDATING & MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 222 3.10 FUTURE WORK ..................................................................................................... 222 PART I(D): SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 223 1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 223 1.2 DESKTOP STUDIES .............................................................................................. 223 1.3 STATE-OF-THE-ART OF UC-MAP ..................................................................... 224 1.4 UC-ANMAP FOR HONG KONG .......................................................................... 224 1.5 METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF UC-ANMAP ................................................... 225 1.6 DESKTOP STUDIES ON WIND DATA ............................................................... 226 1.7 WIND INFORMATION LAYER FOR HONG KONG ......................................... 227 1.8 FINAL URBAN CLIMATIC ANALYSIS MAP FOR HONG KONG .................. 229 1.9 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF URBAN CLIMATIC PLANNING RECOMMENDATION MAP ................................................................................. 231 1.10 OVERSEAS EXPERIENCE OF UC-REMAP AND KEY LESSONS LEARNT . 231 1.11 KEY PARAMETRIC UNDERSTANDING OF URBAN CLIMATE RELATED PLANNING PARAMETERS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................... 232 1.12 A COMPARISON OF RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................... 234 School of Architecture, CUHK Page 3 of 518 Planning Department: Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment – Feasibility Study FINAL REPORT 1.13 THE UC-REMAP FOR HONG KONG .................................................................. 235 1.14 URBAN CLIMATIC MAPS AND HONG KONG PLANNING FRAMEWORK 237 1.15 LIMITATIONS AND CARE IN READING, INTERPRETING AND USING THE UC-REMAP ............................................................................................................. 238 1.16 UPDATING STRATEGY ....................................................................................... 239 1.17 FUTURE WORKS .................................................................................................. 239 PART I: APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 240 APPENDIX 1: SELECTED UC-MAP STUDIES AROUND THE WORLD ....................... 241 APPENDIX 2: AN EXAMPLE OF DATA PROVIDED BY HKO – WIND SPEEDS AND DIRECTIONS BY MONTH OF THE 40 HKO STATIONS FOR THE STUDY .......................................................................................................... 267 APPENDIX 3: AN EXAMPLE OF DATA PROVIDED BY HKO – WIND SPEEDS AND DIRECTIONS BY HOUR (JANUARY) OF THE 40 HKO STATIONS FOR THE STUDY ................................................................................................. 268 APPENDIX 4: TWO EXAMPLES OF WIND ROSES BY HKO ......................................... 269 APPENDIX 5: EXPERT EVALUATION ON SEA AND LAND BREEZES OF HONG KONG DURING DAY TIME AND NIGHT TIME RESPECTIVELY ...... 270 APPENDIX 6: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED HKO OBSERVED AND MM5/CALMET MODEL WIND ROSES – SUMMER (JUN-AUG) ......... 271 APPENDIX 7: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED HKO OBSERVED AND MM5/CALMET MODEL WIND ROSES – ANNUAL .............................. 274 APPENDIX 8: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING VOLUME DENSITY (%) AND FLOOR AREA RATIO …………………………………………277 PART II: WIND TUNNEL BENCHMARKING STUDIES .............................. 278 PART II(A): METHODOLOGY OF AREA SELECTION FOR BENCHMARKING ..... ................................................................................................................................................ 279 PART II(A)-1 PURPOSE ..................................................................................................