UNIVERSITY OF PANNONIA Doctoral School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences and Department of Limnology The ecology of mosquito and sandfly vectors and their pathogens in a changing environment A szúnyog, lepkeszúnyog vektorok és patogénjeik ökológiája a változó környezetben DOI: Supervisor Prof Dr Judit Padisák DSc, institute director professor, University of Pannonia, Department of Limnology; research group leader, MTA-PE, Limnoecology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Ph.D. Dissertation Dr Attila János Trájer 2019 The ecology of mosquito and sandfly vectors and their pathogens in a changing environment A szúnyog, lepkeszúnyog vektorok és patogénjeik ökológiája a változó környezetben Készült a Pannon Egyetem Kémiai és Környezettudományi Doktori Iskolája keretében Témavezető: Prof. Dr. Padisák Judit Elfogadásra javaslom (igen / nem) ............................ (aláírás) A jelölt a doktori szigorlaton ........%-ot ért el, Az értekezést bírálóként elfogadásra javaslom: Bíráló neve: …………………………. igen / nem ............................ (aláírás) Bíráló neve: …………………………. igen / nem ............................ (aláírás) A jelölt az értekezés nyilvános vitáján .............%-ot ért el. Veszprém, ……………………….... ............................... a Bíráló Bizottság elnöke A doktori (PhD) oklevél minősítése.................................... .............................. Az EDHT elnöke ABBREVIATIONS AGCC Anthropogenic Global Climate Change IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change THB(s) thermal bridge(s) UI Urbanisation Intensity UHI Urban Heat Intensity USDA United States Department of Agriculture VBD(s) Vector-borne disease(s) VBORNET European Network for Arthropod Vector Surveillance for Human Public Health WNF West Nile fever WNV West Nile fever virus Taxonomic names and their abbreviations Both nomenclature and taxonomy were based on the Fauna Europea zoological taxonomic index database (operated by Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany). The species names are never abbreviated in the main titles and the names of genera are written in full at the beginning of the sentences. The abbreviations for genera and subgenera of Culicidae (Diptera) were performed according to the recommendations of Reinert (2001). The abreviations of the genera are as follows: Anopheles Meigen, 1818 = An. Aedes Meigen, 1818 = Ae. Culex Linnaeus, 1758 = Cx. Culiseta Felt, 1904 = Cs. Ochlerotatus Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1891 = Oc. The abbreviation of the genera of sandfly vectors and some important pathogens are as follows: Dirofilaria Railliet & Henry, 1911 = D. Leishmania Borovsky, 1898 (Ross, 1903) = L. Phlebotomus Loew, 1845 = Ph. Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 = P. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... 4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 7 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH ............................................................................................................. 8 KIVONAT MAGYARUL .............................................................................................................. 10 RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL ........................................................................................................... 12 MOTTO ................................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER I: REVIEW OF THE TOPIC OF DIPTERA VECTORS AND THE TRANSMITTED DISEASES ................................................................................................................................. 16 1. THE GLOBAL DIVERSITY AND BRIEF NATURAL HISTORY OF DIPTERA ........................... 17 2. DIPTERA VECTORS AND THEIR PATHOGENS .................................................................... 19 2.1. THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF MOSQUITO- AND SANDFLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES ........... 20 2.2. THE POTENTIAL EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ARTHROPOD VECTORS ................... 21 2.3. THE ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITO ...................................................................................... 23 2.4. SANDFLY VECTORS AND LEISHMANIASIS .................................................................... 24 2.5. DIROFILARIASIS .......................................................................................................... 25 2.6. WEST NILE FEVER ...................................................................................................... 26 2.7. MALARIA AND ITS ANOPHELINE VECTORS .................................................................. 27 CHAPTER II: SEASONAL PATTERNS ....................................................................................... 29 1. CHANGING SEASONALITY OF ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS ......................................................... 30 1.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 30 1.2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................................................. 32 1.2.1. Climate data and its processing .......................................................................... 32 1.2.2. Mosquito data ..................................................................................................... 34 1.2.3. Modeling steps ................................................................................................... 35 1.2.4. Statistics ............................................................................................................. 35 1.3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................. 36 1.3.1. Correlation between the larva abundances and temperature .............................. 36 1.3.2. Modeled starts of the seasons ............................................................................. 37 1.3.3. Modeled ends of the seasons .............................................................................. 38 1.4. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................ 39 2. DIVERSITY, SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND POTENTIAL VECTOR STATUS OF THE CAVE-DWELLING MOSQUITO FAUNA OF THE BAKONY-BALATON REGION ........................... 41 2.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 41 - 4 - 2.2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................................................. 42 2.2.1. Study area ........................................................................................................... 42 2.2.2. Mosquito data ..................................................................................................... 43 2.2.3. Climate data ....................................................................................................... 44 2.2.4. West Nile fever data ........................................................................................... 44 2.2.5. Aridity index ...................................................................................................... 44 2.3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................. 45 2.3.1. Species composition of the cave-dwelling mosquito fauna ............................... 45 2.3.2. Seasonal abundance of mosquitos in caves by genders ..................................... 46 2.3.3. Seasonal distribution of the mosquitos .............................................................. 48 2.3.4. Comparison of cave-dwelling and regional fauna ............................................. 49 2.3.5. Climatic and solar factors ................................................................................... 49 2.3.6. Potential vector status of cave-dwelling mosquitos ........................................... 50 2.4. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................ 52 CHAPER III: DISPERSAL ......................................................................................................... 57 1. FACTORS OF THE DISPERSAL OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS ...................................................... 58 1.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 58 1.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................... 59 1.2.1. Methodological outline ...................................................................................... 59 1.2.2. Calculation of the generic dispersal distances.................................................... 61 1.2.3. Calculation of the annual generation numbers ................................................... 63 1.2.4. The time between the emergence and oviposition ............................................