The Endangered Species UPDATE published this issue in partnership with the Defenders of Wildlife. Defenders of Wildlife is a leading nonprofit con- Endangered Species servation organization recognized as one of the nation's most progressive UPDATE advocates for wildlife and its habitat. Defenders uses education, litigation, A forum for information exchange on research and promotion of sound conservation policies to protect wild ani- endangered species issues JulyIAugust 2001 Vol. 18 No. 4 mals and plants in their natural communities. Defenders has been a national leader in wolf restoration and protection for two decades. Founded in 1947, M. Elsbeth McPhee ................. Managing Editor Jennifer Jacobus Mackay.. ........ Associate Editor defenders is a 501(c)(3) membership organization with more than 430,000 Nina Fascione................................. Guest Editor members and supporters. It is headquartered in Washington, DC with field Stephen Kendrot .............................. Guest Editor offices around the country. Martin E. Smith. .............................. Guest Editor Paula Zemrowski ......................... Content Editor Last November, Defenders of Wildlife hosted Carnivores 2000, a con- Deborah Kleinman....................... Content Editor ference on carnivore conservation in the twenty-first century. The confer- Chris Wood.................................. Content Editor ence, held in Denver, Colorado, spanned the full taxonomic range of carni- SaulAlarcon.. ..................Web Page Coordinator Terry L. Root ............................. Faculty Advisor vores and addressed both biological and sociological issues impacting car- nivore conservation in North America and abroad. Due to its overwhelming Advisorv Board Richard Block success, Defenders of Wildlife will hold a second conference, Carnivores Santa Barbara Zoological Gardens 2002, in Monterey, California November 18 to 20,2002. This conference will Susan Haig likewise encompass the full range of marine and terrestrial carnivores. For more Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, USGS information, visit www.defenders.org/carnivores2002. We hope to see you there. Oregon State University Chris Howes Chicago Zoological Society Patrick O'Brien Chevron Ecological Services Hal Salwasser U.S. Forest Service, Boone and Crockett Club Imtructiom for Authors: The Endangered Species UPDATE welcomes articles, editorial comments, and announcements related to species protection. For Werinfodon contact the editor. Subscription Information: The Endangered Species UPDATE is published six times per year by the School of Natural Resources and Environment at The University of Michigan. Annual rates are $28 for regular subscriptions, and $23 for students and senior cihns (add $5 for postage outside the US). Send check or money order (payable to The University of Michigan) to: Endangered Species UPDATE School of Natural Resources and Environment The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1 115 (734) 763-3243; fax (734) 936-2195 E-mail: [email protected] http:llwww.umich.eduI-esupdate Cover: Black bear (Ursus americanus). Photograph by B. Moose Peterson~WRP. The views expressed in the Endangered Species UPDATE may not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or The University of Michigan. The Endangered Species UPDATE was made possible in part by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Turner Foundation. Boone and Cruckett Club, Chevron Corporation, and the U.S. FWS Division of Endangered Species Region 3. The editors and staff would like to sincerely thank B. Moose PetersonIWRP @&y@ for contributing photographs to this issue, and Rochelle Mason for contribut- " ing her series, Focus on Nature. Q 0' @printed on recycled paper 94 Endangered Species UPDATE Vol. 18 No. 4 2001 Table of Contents Carnivore Conservation in the Twenty-first Century...................................................................... 97 Nina Fascione and M. Elsbeth McPhee I. Theory and Methods in Carnivore Conservation Who Limits Whom: Predators or Prey? ..................... ..........................................................98 Roger A. Powell A New Approach to Understanding Canid Populations Using an Individual-Based Computer Model: Preliminary Results................. ... ................................103 William C. Pitt, Frederick F. Knowlton, and Paul W. Box 11. Carnivores and Habitat Mapping Occupied Habitat for Forest Carnivores in the American West and Estimating their Conservation Status................................................................................. 107 David L. Gaillard Road Density as a Factor in Habitat Selection by Wolves and Other Carnivores in the Great Lakes Region.................... .... .............................................110 Adrian P. Wydeven, David J. Mladenoff, Theodore A. Sickley, Bruce E. Kohn, R. P. Thiel, and Jennifer L. Hansen A Predator-Habitat Assessment for Felids in the Inland Atlantic Forest of Eastern Paraguay: A Preliminary Analysis .............................................................................115 Gerald L. Zuercher, Philip S. Gipson, and Kim Hill 111. Raptor Conservation Status of the California Condor and Mortality Factors Affecting Recovery................................ 120 Kelly J. Sorenson, L. Joseph Burnett, and James R. Davis Raptors as Vermin: A History of Human Attitudes towards Pennsylvan~aI s B~rds. of Prey..................................................................................................... 124 Keith L. Bildstein IV. Felid Conservation Status and Conservation of Endangered Cats along the US.-Mexico Border.......................... 129 Melissa Grigione, Arturo Caso, Rurik List, and Carlos Lopez-Gonzalez Molecular Scatology as a Conservation Tool .............................................................................133 Laura Farrell Linking Snow Leopard Conservation and People-Wildlife Conflict Resolution: Grassroots Measures to Protect the Endangered Snow Leopard from Herder Retribution..................................................................................................................... 138 Rodney Jackson and Rinchen Wangehuk Vol, 18 No. 4 2001 Endangered Species UPDATE 95 K Canid Conservation The Status of the Wolf Population in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan................................................... 142 CJ Hazell Gray wolf restoration in the Northwestern United States ...........................................................147 Ed Bangs, Joe Fontain, Mike Jimenez, Tom Meier, Carter Niemeyer, Doug Smith, Kerry Murphy, Deb Guernsey, Larry Handegard, Mark Collinge, Rod Krischke, John Shivik, Curt Mack, lssac Babcock, Val Asher, and Dominic Domenici The Feasibility of Gray Wolf Reintroductionto the Grand Canyon Ecoregion........................... 153 Paul G. Sneed Canis Soupus: Eastern Wolf Genetics and its Implications for Wolf Recovery in the Northeast United States ...................................................................................159 Nina Fascione, Lisa G. L. Osborn, Stephen R. Kendrot, and Paul C. Paquet Captivity, Inbreeding, Cross-Lineage Matings, and Body Size in Mexican Wolves ........................................................................................................................164 Richard Fredrickson and Philip Hedrick First Swift fox, Vulpes velox, Reintroduction in the USA: Results of the First Two Years .............................................................................................,167 Clio Smeeton and Ken Weagle lnterspecific Interactions Among Wild Canids: Implications for the Conservation of Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes............................................................... 171 Brian L. Cypher, Howard 0. Clark, Jr., Patrick A. Kelly, Christine Van Horn Job, Gregory D. Warrick, and Daniel F. Williams VI. Predation Management Chemical Repellents and Other Aversive Strategies in Predation Management...................... 175 J.R. Mason, J.A. Shivik, and M.W. Fall Effectiveness of Livestock Guarding Animals for Reducing Predation on Livestock................ .I82 William F. Andelt VII. Opinions Historic Attitudes and Images and the Implications on Carnivore Survival................................ 186 Karlyn Atkinson Berg Bringing Down the Walls ............................................................................................................190 Gale H. Ford News from Zoos.............................................................................................................................. 1 9 1 96 Endangered Species UPDATE Vol. 18 No. 4 2001 Carnivore Conservation in the Twenty-first Century Nina Fascione Defenders of Wildlife, 1101 14th St. NW, Suite 1400, Washington DC 20005; [email protected] M. Elsbeth McPhee Endangered Species UPDATE, University of Michigan, 430 E. University, Ann Arbor, MI 481 09; (734) 763-3243; (fax) (734) 936-2195; [email protected] The dawn of this new millennium is Mexico-U.S. border. Smeeton and conservation. Finally, the rigorous proving to be an interesting time for Weagle (p. 167) describe successful application of ecological theory to carnivores. In some areas predators reintroductions of the swift fox conservation questions has lead to - seem to be rebounding after years of (Vulpes velox) into the great plains of greater understanding of population declining populations resulting from North America. dynamics and behavior within imper- habitat loss and human persecution. In addition,