MICHIGAN DWI/SOBRIETY COURT IGNITION INTERLOCK EVALUATION 2014 REPORT CHRISTOPHER A. KIERKUS, Ph.D. BRIAN R. JOHNSON, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was made possible through the efforts and cooperation of many criminal justice professionals in the state of Michigan. The authors of this report would like to extend their thanks and appreciation to the following people and organizations: Dr. Jessica Parks: Problem Solving Courts Data Manager, State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). Ms. Dian Gonyea: State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). Hon. Harvey Hoffman: Chief Judge, 56th A District Court, Michigan Association of Drug Court Professionals (MADCP). Hon. Michael Haley: Judge, 86th District Court. Hon. Dennis Girard: Judge, 96th District Court. Ms. Lynn Kirkpatrick: Director of Probation Services, 8th District Court. Mr. Gary Secor: Court Administrator, 61st District Court. Ms. Carol Stocking: Court Administrator, 86th District Court. Ms. Pamela Blue: Chief Probation Officer, 86th District Court. Ms. Jennifer Thom: Deputy Court Administrator, 51st District Court. Ms. Jennifer Bennon: Court Administrator, 96th District Court. Dr. George Grant Jr.: Dean, College of Community and Public Service, Grand Valley State University. Dr. Kathleen Bailey: Director, School of Criminal Justice, Grand Valley State University. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Michigan Supreme Court, State Court Administrative Office and/or the Michigan Association of Drug Court Professionals. The Michigan Association of Drug Court Professionals funded this report. i INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND Purpose of the Report This report was commissioned by the Michigan Association of Drug Court Professionals (MADCP) and was produced pursuant to Michigan Public Act 154 of 2010, in cooperation with the State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). Its purpose is to provide the legislature, the Secretary of State, and the Michigan Supreme Court, documentation related to the program participants’ compliance with court ordered conditions, their progress through the program, and the outcome(s) of being placed on interlock restrictions. This document is the third annual report: it provides the reader with an overview of issues pertaining to ignition interlock programs in Michigan, nationally, and internationally. It also summarizes the study design, provides a description of the data, analyzes the operation and effectiveness of the DWI/Sobriety Court interlock pilot program, and discusses innovative practices, obstacles, and lessons learned from the first three years of the study. Use and Audience This report is directed toward legislators, court administrators and other criminal justice practitioners who are interested in the use of ignition interlock devices as a means of controlling and reducing drunk driving recidivism in the state of Michigan. Section 1 provides the reader with supplemental information regarding the nature and extent of drunk driving, and the use of interlocks to monitor and control offenders beyond the issues discussed in the 2012 and 2013 reports. Following this review, Sections 2 and 3 provide the methods and findings of the 2014 Ignition Interlock Pilot Program in Michigan. Finally, Section 4 provides the reader with general conclusions and a summary of the first three years of the interlock program. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... ii Purpose of the Report ................................................................................................................................ ii Use and Audience ..................................................................................................................................... ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 5 Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 5 The Present Study ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Key Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 5 SECTION 1: ALCOHOL USE & INTERLOCKS ...................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 9 Controlling Drinking & Driving ........................................................................................................... 9 The Chronic Drunk Driver .................................................................................................................. 10 Problem Solving Courts & Drunk Driving ......................................................................................... 11 IGNITION INTERLOCKS ..................................................................................................................... 12 UPDATED REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..................................................................................... 16 Reductions in Recidivism ................................................................................................................... 16 MICHIGAN’S INTERLOCK PROGRAM ............................................................................................ 18 SECTION 2: THE STUDY ....................................................................................................................... 21 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY DESIGN .............................................................................................. 21 THE PARTNER COURTS ..................................................................................................................... 21 POPULATION & SAMPLE ................................................................................................................... 21 The Ignition Interlock Pilot Program Participants .............................................................................. 22 The DWI/Sobriety Court Sample ........................................................................................................ 22 The Standard Probationer Sample ....................................................................................................... 22 DATA ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 VARIABLES .......................................................................................................................................... 23 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................. 23 SECTION 3: FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................... 25 PROGRAM PARTICPANTS WHO COMPLIED WITH INTERLOCK ORDER ................................ 26 PERCENTAGE OF PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS WHO REMOVED COURT-ORDERED INTERLOCKS WITHOUT COURT APPROVAL................................................................................ 27 INTERLOCK TAMPERING EPISODES .............................................................................................. 28 3 PERCENTAGE OF PARTICIPANTS WHO OPERATED A MOTOR VEHICLE NOT EQUIPPED WITH AN INTERLOCK ........................................................................................................................ 29 PERCENTAGE OF PARTICIPANTS: ALCOHOL & CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE USE ............. 30 RELEVANT TREATMENT INFORMATION ..................................................................................... 31 NEW OFFENSES ................................................................................................................................... 33 BACKGROUND AND OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ................................................. 36 Participating Court Data...................................................................................................................... 36 Offender Demographic Information ................................................................................................... 37 Education & Employment Status: ....................................................................................................... 38 Substance Abuse Histories .................................................................................................................. 39 EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM FAILURES .................................. 41 Program Success & Failures ............................................................................................................... 42 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 43 PROCESS-RELATED INFORMATION ............................................................................................... 44 SECTION 4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................................