United States Department of Agriculture Proceedings of the 2008 Forest Service Northeastern Recreation Northern Research Station Research Symposium General Technical Report NRS-P-42 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium Policy Statement The objective of the NERR Symposium is to positively influence our profession by allowing managers and academicians in the governmental, education, and private recreation and tourism sectors to share practical and scientific knowledge. This objective is met through providing a professional forum for quality information exchange on current management practices, programs, and research applications in the field, as well as, a comfortable social setting that allows participants to foster friendships with colleagues. Students and all those interested in continuing their education in recreation and tourism management are welcome. NERR 2008 Steering Committee Arne Arnberger – University of BOKU, Vienna, Austria Kelly Bricker – University of Utah Robert Bristow – Westfield State College Robert Burns – West Virginia University Fred Clark – U.S. Forest Service John Confer – California University of Pennsylvania Chad Dawson – SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry Edwin Gomez – Old Dominion University Alan Graefe – Penn State University Laurie Harmon – George Mason University Andrew Holdnak – University of West Florida Deborah Kerstetter – Penn State University David Klenosky – Purdue University (Proceedings co-editor) Diane Kuehn – SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry (Website Coordinator) Walter Kuentzel – University of Vermont Gerard Kyle – Texas A&M University Bob Lee – Bowling Green State University Joohyun Lee – Florida State University Bruce Lord – Penn State University Thomas More – U.S. Forest Service – Northern Research Station James Murdy – NY Institute of Technology Chad Pierskalla – West Virginia University Roy Ramthun – Concord University Robert Robertson – University of New Hampshire Ellen Drogin Rodgers – George Mason University Rudy Schuster – SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry David Solan – Mansfield University Sharon Todd – SUNY Cortland Gail Vander Stoep – Michigan State University Hans Vogelsong – East Carolina University Christine Vogt – Michigan State University Clifton Watts – East Carolina University Rodney Warnick – University of Massachusetts at Amherst Thomas Wickham – California University of Pennsylvania Greg Wright – U.S. Forest Service – Green Mountain National Forest Maureen Wakefield – SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry (Conference Logistics) Harry Zinn – Penn State University Cover photo: Sunset over the Atlantic Ocean in Long Beach, New York. Photo used with permission by David B. Klenosky, Purdue University. The findings and conclusions of each article in this publication are those of the individual author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. All articles were received in digital format and were edited for uniform type and style; each author is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2008 NORTHEASTERN RECREATION RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM March 30 - April 1, 2008 Bolton Landing, NY Program Chair: Christine A. Vogt Michigan State University Compiled and Edited by: David B. Klenosky Purdue University Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station Sponsors: U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station Venture Publishing Published by: U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station Newtown Square, PA CONTENTS YOUTH The Impact of a Summer Education Program on the Environmental Attitudes and Awareness of Minority Children . 1 Lincoln R. Larson, Gary T. Green, and Steven B. Castleberry Visitor Perceptions of the Benefits of a Local Park . .8 Deborah Kerstetter, Andrew Mowen, Nathan Trauntvein, Toni Liechty, and Nuno Rubiero HEAltH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Active Transportation among Elementary-aged Students: Walking or Biking to and from School . 15 Whitney Knollenberg, Pavlina Látková, Christine Vogt, and Ariel Rodríguez Interrelationship of Motivation for and Perceived Constraints to Physical Activity Participation and the Well-being of Senior Center Participants . 21 Motoko Miyake and Ellen Rodgers WILDLAND URBAN INTERFACE Visitor Perceptions of and Support for Management Actions at an Urban National Historic Site . 30 Julie A. Strack and Craig A. Miller The Spatial Relationship between Exurban Development and Designated Wilderness Lands in the Contiguous United States . 35 Allison L. Ginn, Gary T. Green, Nathan P. Nibbelink, and H. Ken Cordell HEAltH AND PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM Increasing Walking at the C&O Canal National Historical Park: An Intervention Focused on Local Employees . 44 Dave Smaldone Research Roundtable on Health, Parks, Recreation, and Tourism . 53 Kelly S. Bricker, Jessica Leahy, Dave Smaldone, Andrew Mowen, and Chad Pierskalla PRIVATE LANDS—RESEARCH AND OUTREACH Values and Motivations of Private Forest Owners in the United States: A Framework Based on Open-ended Responses in the National Woodland Owner Survey . 60 David N. Bengston, Brett J. Butler, and Stanley T. Asah Listening to your Audience: Developing an Educational Tool to Assist with Recreation Planning on Private Lands . 67 J. Daniel van Dijk, Gary T. Green, and Craig A. Miller POSTER SESSION Tourism Marketing: The Best There Is – A Study of West Virginia . 72 Stephanie L. Thorn and Roy Ramthun The Qinghai-Tibet Railway and Tibet Tourism: Travelers’ Perspectives . .78 Ming Ming Su and Geoffrey Wall Local Residents’ Attitudes toward Potential Tourism Development: The Case of Ansted, West Virginia . 85 Maureen Y. Bender, Jinyang Deng, Steve Selin, Doug Arbogast, and R.A. Hobbs Tourism Package Preferences of West Virginia State Park Visitors . 95 William Gravley, John Dengler, Roy Ramthun, and Chad Pierskalla PARTNERSHIPS, MEMBERSHIPS, ENGAGEMENT OF THE PUBLIC Social Factors Shaping the Formation of a Multi-stakeholder Trails Network Group for the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia . 102 Karen Robinson, Steven Selin, and Chad Pierskalla Partnerships and Volunteers in the U .S . Forest Service . 110 James D. Absher An Analysis of Local Stakeholder Values for Tropical Protected Areas in Madagascar . 115 Donald F. Dennis and Michel Masozera I Want to Join the Zoo! A Conjoint Study of Membership Program Preferences . 122 David B. Klenosky, Chi-Ok Oh, Christopher C. Panek, and Jerry F. Luebke CROWDING AND CARRYING CAPACITY Indicators and Standards of Quality across Space and Time, as Reflected in a Study in Acadia National Park, Maine . 130 Laura E. Anderson, Robert E. Manning, and William A. Valliere An Exploratory Analysis of Coping Schemes Used by Paddlers Who Camped in the St. Regis Canoe Area, New York . 139 Blake M. Probst, Rudy M. Schuster, and Chad P. Dawson TOURISm—EmERGING TOPICS New England’s Travel and Tourism Markets: Trends in Geographic Target Markets Beyond the 90s—the Y2K Decade . 148 Rodney B. Warnick Eco-medical Tourism: Can it be Sustainable? . .158 Robert S. Bristow Bridging an Interdisciplinary Gap: A Case for Uniting Tourism and Urban Planning for a Consistent Understanding of the “Urban Tourist Bubble” . 165 Holly E. Bosley and Gene L Brothers CAMPUS RECREATION AND OUTDOOR RECREATION Sense of Place in Outdoor-pursuits Trip Groups . 172 Sharon L. Todd, Anderson B. Young, Lynn S. Anderson, Timothy S. O’Connell, and Mary Breunig Getting the Engine Started: Motivations for Participation in a University Outdoor Recreation Program . 181 Ryan L. Sharp and Craig A. Miller PSYCHOLOGY/PLACE IDENTIFICATION AND BONDING Testing a New Scale of Place Identity in the Texas Hill Country . 188 Po-Hsin Lai, C. Scott Shafer, and Gerard Kyle Reassessing the Causal Structure of Enduring Involvement . .194 Jinhee Jun, Gerard T. Kyle, James D. Absher, and William E. Hammitt The Relationship between Place Bonding and Social Trust, as Explored in a Study in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas . 200 Christopher J. Wynveen, Gerard T. Kyle, and Gene L. Theodori COASTAL RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT Crowding at Cape Lookout National Seashore: An Examination of the Influence of Visitor Characteristics on Encounter Norms and Perceived Crowding . 210 David Alan Graefe and Hans Vogelsong Wilderness, Wildness, and Visitor Access to Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia . 216 Ryan L. Sharp and Craig A Miller TOURISm—TOURIST PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIORS Perceptions of Self-drive Tourists along the Alaska-Canada Border toward the Increased Security Requirements of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative . 224 Nicholas Palso A Comparison of Motivations between Island Tourists Visiting Penghu, Taiwan, and Phuket, Thailand . 229 Chi-Ming Hsieh and Sung Hee Park CAMPUS TOURISM An Examination of Gambling Impacts at an Upstate New York College . 237 Lin Zhang, Erwei Dong, and Wayne Stormann Modeling the Effects of Study Abroad Programs on College Students . 243 Alvin H. Yu, Garry E. Chick, Duarte B. Morais, and Chung-Hsien Lin TOURISM IMAGE Using Destination Image to Predict Visitors’ Intention to Revisit Three Hudson River Valley, New York Communities . 251 Rudy M. Schuster, Laura Sullivan, Duarte Morais, and Diane