5/25/2010 DISCUSSION DRAFT Not a Final Document --- DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE Subpart AAA—Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters REVISED DRAFT REVIEW DOCUMENT EPA Contract No. EP-D-05-087 Work Assignment No. 4-02 EC/R Project No. IMP-402 Prepared For: Regulatory Development and Policy Analysis Group U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Outreach and Information Division Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Prepared By: EC/R Incorporated 501 Eastowne Drive, Suite 250 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 December 30, 2009 5/25/2010 DISCUSSION DRAFT Not a Final Document --- DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE This page is intentionally left blank. 5/25/2010 DELIBERATIVE REVIEW DRAFT Not a final document --DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE Table of Contents 1.0 SUBPART AAA AND THE NSPS PROGRAM ................................................................ 1 1.1 WHAT IS THE NSPS PROGRAM? ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 WHY WAS SUBPART AAA DEVELOPED?............................................................................... 2 1.3 WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE CURRENT NSPS? ................................................... 3 1.4 WHAT ARE THE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE ORIGINAL NSPS WAS PROMULGATED?.5 1.5 WHAT ARE THE ISSUES DRIVING THE SUBPART AAA REVIEW PROCESS?............................ 10 2.0 DEVICES AND FUELS ..................................................................................................... 12 2.1 WOOD STOVES................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Definition .................................................................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Operation .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.3 Heating Efficiency..................................................................................................... 15 2.1.4 BTU Output............................................................................................................... 16 2.1.5 Cost ........................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.6 Emissions Data ......................................................................................................... 17 2.2 PELLET STOVES ................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Definition .................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.2 Operation .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Heating Efficiency..................................................................................................... 19 2.2.4 BTU Output............................................................................................................... 19 2.2.5 Cost ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.6 Emissions Data ......................................................................................................... 20 2.3 MASONRY HEATERS .......................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Definition .................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Operation .................................................................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Heating Efficiency..................................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 BTU Output............................................................................................................... 23 2.3.5 Cost ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.6 Emissions Data ......................................................................................................... 24 2.4 FIREPLACE INSERTS ........................................................................................................... 24 2.4.1 Definition .................................................................................................................. 24 2.4.2 Operation .................................................................................................................. 25 2.4.3 Heating Efficiency..................................................................................................... 25 2.4.4 Cost ........................................................................................................................... 25 2.4.5 BTU Output............................................................................................................... 26 2.4.6 Emissions Data ......................................................................................................... 26 2.5 CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS ............................................................................................ 26 2.6 FIREPLACES ....................................................................................................................... 28 2.6.1 Low-mass Fireplaces ................................................................................................ 29 2.6.2 Masonry Fireplaces .................................................................................................. 30 2.7 COOK STOVES, PIZZA OVENS, OUTDOOR FIREPLACES....................................................... 32 2.8 FUELS AND EFFICIENCY ..................................................................................................... 34 2.8.1 Cordwood.................................................................................................................. 35 i 5/25/2010 DELIBERATIVE REVIEW DRAFT Not a final document --DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 2.8.2 Pellet Fuel................................................................................................................. 37 2.8.3 Coal........................................................................................................................... 38 2.8.4 Manufactured Firelogs ............................................................................................. 39 3.0 MARKET CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................................... 40 3.1 NATIONWIDE TRENDS AND STATISTICS OF WOOD FUEL .................................................... 40 3.2 NATIONWIDE TRENDS AND STATISTICS ON WOOD-BURNING APPLIANCES ........................ 44 3.2.1 Wood Pellet Appliances ............................................................................................ 45 3.2.2 Other Wood-Burning Appliances.............................................................................. 46 3.3 INTERNATIONAL MARKET CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................... 47 3.4 MARKET DRIVERS OF THE WOOD FUEL SECTOR................................................................ 48 3.5 COSTS AND EFFICIENCIES OF WOOD-BURNING FUEL ......................................................... 48 4.0 EXISTING STATE AND FOREIGN REGULATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .............................................................................................................................. 50 4.1 WOOD HEATER REGULATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES........................................................ 50 4.1.1 Emission Standards................................................................................................... 50 4.1.2 Curtailment Periods.................................................................................................. 51 4.1.3 Fuel Restrictions ....................................................................................................... 52 4.1.4. Building Code Restrictions on Installation or Sale of Property............................... 53 4.1.5 Hydronic Heaters...................................................................................................... 54 4.2 OTHER COUNTRIES ............................................................................................................ 56 4.2.1 Canada...................................................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 New Zealand and Australia ...................................................................................... 58 4.2.3 European Standards.................................................................................................. 58 5.0 NSPS IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES............................................................................... 61 5.1 MODEL LINE CERTIFICATION............................................................................................. 62 5.1.1 What is the current NSPS certification process?...................................................... 62 5.1.2 What issues have been raised regarding the certification process?......................... 63 5.2 LABORATORY ACCREDITATION ......................................................................................... 65 5.2.1 What is the current NSPS accreditation process? ...................................................