Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European A Cladistic Study Søborg, Tobias Publication date: 2021 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Søborg, T. (2021). Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 27. sep.. 2021 SIGMATIC VERBAL FORMATIONS IN ANATOLIAN AND INDO-EUROPEAN A CLADISTIC STUDY Tobias Mosbæk Søborg PhD dissertation University of Copenhagen 2020 � ii PhD dissertation Sigmatic verbal formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A cladistic study Tobias Mosbæk Søborg Supervisors: Birgit Anette Rasmussen (Olsen) and Thomas Olander Submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen, 2020 Title-page image: Join of the Hittite fragments KBo 22.178 and KUB 48.109 (CTH 457.7.2 “The travel of the soul in the Netherworld”), holding the only plene- writings of gane/išš‑zi. Colouring by Rune Eliasen. Original photos from: http://hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/hetkonk/hetkonk_abfrageF.php?ori= iii � TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... vii List of figures ...................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and symbols ............................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 The problem .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Methodology and terminology ............................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Methods of linguistic reconstruction ............................................................. 2 1.2.2 Cladistics ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Internal subgrouping of the Indo-European family ................................... 4 1.3 Aim and scope ......................................................................................................... 8 2 SIGMATIC FORMATIONS IN INDO-CELTIC .................................. 9 2.1 Introductory remarks ............................................................................................ 9 2.2 Indo-Iranian ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Sigmatic aorists ..................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Irregular s-injunctives ........................................................................................ 14 2.2.3 The sa-subjunctive .............................................................................................. 15 2.2.4 The si-imperatives ............................................................................................... 16 2.2.5 The middle sé-forms ........................................................................................... 18 2.2.6 The optative/precative and 3sg. *‑s ............................................................... 22 2.2.7 The future ............................................................................................................. 29 2.2.8 The desiderative .................................................................................................. 31 2.3 Balto-Slavic ............................................................................................................. 37 2.3.1 Introductory remarks ........................................................................................ 37 2.3.2 Slavic sigmatic aorists ....................................................................................... 38 2.3.3 Sigmatic future .................................................................................................... 43 2.4 Greek ....................................................................................................................... 52 2.4.1 The s-aorist ........................................................................................................... 52 2.4.2 The future ............................................................................................................. 59 2.4.3 The “desideratives” ............................................................................................ 66 2.5 Phrygian .................................................................................................................. 68 2.5.1 Sigmatic aorist/preterite .................................................................................. 68 2.5.2 Sigmatic future ..................................................................................................... 71 � iv 2.6 Messapic ................................................................................................................. 72 2.6.1 Sigmatic preterite ............................................................................................... 72 2.6.2 Sigmatic present/future .................................................................................... 73 2.6.3 Sigmatic imperative klaohi .............................................................................. 74 2.7 Albanian .................................................................................................................. 75 2.7.1 The v-aorist .......................................................................................................... 75 2.7.2 “Shigmatic” optative .......................................................................................... 76 2.8 Armenian ................................................................................................................ 78 2.9 Germanic ................................................................................................................ 80 2.10 Italic .......................................................................................................................... 81 2.10.1 The s-perfect ......................................................................................................... 81 2.10.2 Sigmatic futures and subjunctives ................................................................ 86 2.11 Celtic ........................................................................................................................ 89 2.11.1 The preterites ...................................................................................................... 89 2.11.2 The subjunctives ................................................................................................ 93 2.11.3 Sigmatic futures .................................................................................................. 98 2.11.4 Truncated imperatives ................................................................................... 102 2.12 Proto-Indo-Celtic reconstruction .................................................................... 103 2.12.1 The s-aorist ......................................................................................................... 103 2.12.2 Sigmatic subjunctive-futures ........................................................................ 104 2.12.3 Special sigmatic forms .................................................................................... 106 2.12.4 A 3sg. ending *‑s? ............................................................................................. 107 3 SIGMATIC FORMATIONS IN TOCHARIAN ................................. 109 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 109 3.1.1 The Tocharian verb .......................................................................................... 109 3.1.2 Function of the s-averbo .................................................................................. 111 3.2 Preterite class 3 .................................................................................................... 112 3.2.1 The Tocharian preterite .................................................................................. 112 3.2.2 Morphophonological characteristics ........................................................... 113 3.2.3 Origin .................................................................................................................... 118 3.3 Subjunctive class 1 (and 5) ................................................................................. 128 3.3.1 The Tocharian subjunctive ............................................................................ 128 3.3.2 Morphophonological characteristics and patterning ............................ 128 3.3.3 Origin .................................................................................................................... 131 3.4 Present class 8 ....................................................................................................... 136 3.4.1 Morphophonological characteristics .......................................................... 136 3.4.2 Origin .................................................................................................................... 137 v � 3.5 Preterite/imperative 2pl.act. ending ..............................................................