Yearbook of Muslims in Europe The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/yme Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 4 Editor-in-Chief Jørgen S. Nielsen Editors Samim Akgönül Ahmet Alibašić Egdūnas Račius LEIDEN • boSTON 2012 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-1432 ISBN 978-90-04-22521-3 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-23449-9 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers All rights reserved. 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CONTENTS The Editors ........................................................................................................ ix Editorial Advisers ............................................................................................ xi Foreword ........................................................................................................... xiii COUNTRY SURVEYS Albania ............................................................................................................... 1 Olsi Jazexhi Armenia ............................................................................................................. 17 Sevak Karamyan Austria ................................................................................................................ 27 Thomas Schmidinger Azerbaijan ......................................................................................................... 41 Bayram Balci and Altay Goyushov Belarus ................................................................................................................ 57 Daša Słabčanka Belgium .............................................................................................................. 69 Nadia Fadil Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................................................................... 95 Aid Smajić Bulgaria .............................................................................................................. 115 Aziz Nazmi Shakir Croatia ................................................................................................................ 133 Dino Mujadžević Cyprus ................................................................................................................. 143 Ali Dayıoğlu and Mete Hatay Czech Republic ................................................................................................ 161 Štěpán Macháček Denmark ............................................................................................................ 175 Brian Arly Jacobsen Estonia ................................................................................................................ 193 Ringo Ringvee and Egdūnas Račius Finland ............................................................................................................... 201 Tuomas Martikainen vi contents France ................................................................................................................. 211 Franck Frégosi Georgia ............................................................................................................... 229 Satenik Mkrtchyan Germany ............................................................................................................ 245 Mathias Rohe Greece ................................................................................................................. 269 Konstantinos Tsitselikis Hungary ............................................................................................................. 281 Norbert Pap and Éva Ladányi Iceland ................................................................................................................ 289 Göran Larsson Ireland ................................................................................................................ 295 Victoria Montgomery Italy ..................................................................................................................... 313 Stella Coglievina Kosovo ................................................................................................................ 331 Besa Ismaili Latvia .................................................................................................................. 345 Egdūnas Račius and Valters Ščerbinskis Liechtenstein .................................................................................................... 353 Thomas Schmidinger Lithuania ............................................................................................................ 359 Egdūnas Račius Luxembourg ...................................................................................................... 367 Sylvain Besch Macedonia ......................................................................................................... 377 Muharem Jahja Malta ................................................................................................................... 389 Martin R. Zammit Moldova ............................................................................................................. 397 Aurelia Felea Montenegro ...................................................................................................... 413 Sabina Pacariz Netherlands ....................................................................................................... 421 Martijn de Koning Norway ............................................................................................................... 441 Christine M. Jacobsen and Oddbjørn Leirvik Poland ................................................................................................................. 455 Agata S. Nalborczyk and Stanisław Grodź contents vii Portugal .............................................................................................................. 469 Nina Clara Tiesler and José Mapril Romania ............................................................................................................. 481 Irina Vainovski-Mihai Russia .................................................................................................................. 495 Elmira Akhmetova Serbia .................................................................................................................. 517 Ahmet Alibašić Slovakia .............................................................................................................. 531 Jaroslav Drobný Slovenia .............................................................................................................. 537 Christian Moe Spain ................................................................................................................... 545 Jordi Moreras Sweden ............................................................................................................... 563 Göran Larsson Switzerland ....................................................................................................... 577 Stéphane Lathion and Andreas Tunger-Zanetti Turkey ................................................................................................................. 591 Ahmet Yildiz Ukraine ............................................................................................................... 607 Elmira Muratova United Kingdom .............................................................................................. 619 Seán McLoughlin THE EDITORS Jørgen S. Nielsen is a Danish National Research Foundation Professor of Islamic Studies and Director, Centre for European Islamic Thought, Faculty of Theology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Previously at the University of Birmingham, he has been researching and writing about Islam in Europe since 1978. He is the author of Muslims in Western Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3rd edition 2004), co-editor of Sharia as Discourse: Legal Systems and the Encounter with Europe (Alder- shot: Ashgate: 2010.), and editor of Islam in Denmark: The Challenge of Diversity (Lanham: Lexington, 2012). Samim Akgönül is Professor at Strasbourg University and researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). He also teaches Political Science at Syracuse University, USA, and International Relations at Yeditepe University, Istanbul. Among his recent publications are Laïcité en débat: Principes et représentations du concept de la laïcité en France et en Turquie (Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, 2008) and Minorité: regards croisés sur le concept de minorité dans le contexte turc (Istanbul: Isis, 2010) Ahmet Alibašić holds a PhD from the Faculty of Political Sciences, Uni- versity of Sarajevo. He is a lecturer at