Vector Biology and Control An Update for Malaria Elimination Initiative in India Edited by Vas Dev M.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D (Notre Dame), FNASc The National Academy of Sciences, India 2020 Vector Biology and Control: An Update for Malaria Elimination Initiative in India Edited by Vas Dev Contributors Sylvie Manguin, Vas Dev, Surya Kant Sharma, Rajpal Singh Yadav, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Poonam Sharma Velamuri, Vaishali Verma, Sreehari Uragayala, Susanta Kumar Ghosh, Khageswar Pradhan, Vijay Veer, Varun Tyagi, Manoj Kumar Das, Pradyumna Kishore Mohapatra, Ashwani Kumar, K. Hari Krishan Raju, Anupkumar Anvikar, Chazhoor John Babu, Virendra Kumar Dua, Tapan Kumar Barik, Usha Rani Acharya, Debojit Kumar Sarma, Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Anil Prakash, Nilanju Pran Sarmah Copyright © 2020 NASI Individual chapters of this book are open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0) which permits users download, build upon published article, distribution, reproduction in any medium so long as the author(s) and publisher are properly credited. The author(s) have the right to reproduce their contribution in toto or part thereof for wider dissemination provided they explicitly identify the original source. All rights to the book are reserved by the National Academy of Sciences (NASI), India. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed, or used for commercial purposes without NASI written permission. 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First published in New Delhi, August 2020 by the National Academy of Sciences (NASI), India Assisted by the Biotech Consortium India Limited, New Delhi (http://www.biotech.co.in) Publishing Process Manager: Marshall Advertising Company, New Delhi A free online edition of this book is available at: http://www.nasi.org.in Additional hard copies can be obtained from the National Academy of Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad) – 211 002, India Vector Biology and Control: An Update for Malaria Elimination Initiative in India Edited by Vas Dev Print ISBN - 978-81-905548-8-6 Online ISBN - 978-81-905548-9-3 III Dedicated to Vinod Prakash Sharma (1938 – 2015) In loving memory of Padma Bhushan Dr. Vinod Prakash Sharma for his laudable contributions in ‘Malariology’ and promoting ‘Bio-environmental Control of Disease Vectors’. India stands better equipped with added knowledge in ‘Vector Biology and Control’ and above all skilled workforce to accelerate towards malaria elimination. His services and contributions will continue to inspire younger generations to strive hard innovating newer technologies for sustainable control of disease vectors in making malaria ‘history’. V Reminiscing the Great Scientist and Mentor “My mentor said, ‘Let’s go do it,’ not ‘You go do it.’ How powerful when someone says, ‘Let’s!’” — Jim Rohn Ever since the passing away of Dr. V. P. Sharma, Founder Director of the National Institute of Malaria Research, the fraternity of Parasitologists is still grieving. Dr. Sharma was a very special person who made an impact on the lives of many people who came in contact or worked in association with him. I am sure everyone who met him would have a story to tell; I wish to write a few lines about my reminiscences of him. In the summer of 1995, a 3-day conference on Hill Science Research, organized at the summer resort-cum-lab of Sir JC Bose in Darjeeling (West Bengal) by a small group of research, while I was a little-known entity with my research interest limited to helminth parasites, though the common link between us was, of course, Parasitology. Meeting him was an overwhelming experience for me. Thereafter, I had a continued association with India (NASI) and Indian Society for Parasitology (ISP), in particular; I looked up to him as a mentor, whose guidance was always there whenever needed. After the establishment in the year 2002 of the NASI North-Eastern Region Local Chapter in NEHU, Shillong (for which I was the convener), beginning 2006 Dr. Sharma initiated a NASI-sponsored Special Science Promotion Program for school students of North-East India. And together with a dedicated team of NASI Fellows and Members from the region, every year we conducted many hugely successful events for popularization of science among young minds throughout the north-eastern states. For every such event, Dr. Sharma always made it a point to join the team as a ‘let’s go and do it’approach, notwithstanding (Arunachal Pradesh); we had to cross the mighty River Brahmputra via a ferry from Dibrugarh to Pasighat and travel further for hours by road in the Monsoon season. All this ordeal- for the sake of interaction with school children in facility-deprived locations!! Dr. Sharma’s contributions to ISP can never be forgotten. He was President of the Society for two consecutive terms. It was under his leadership that ISP organized the centenary Sharma handed over the responsibility of ISP to me in 2007. He was Editor-in-Chief of 2009 till his last days. What a moment of great joy and elation it was when Dr. Sharma’s Distinguished Parasitologist Award during the 12th International Congress of Parasitology 2010 held in Melbourne, Australia!! VI For me, Dr. Sharma was not only a great scientist, but also a caring, engaging, and thoughtful colleague, a mentor and above all a great human being. I count many blessings from him; perhaps, my nomination for Padma award (2016) was his parting gift to me. Veena Tandon (Formerly Professor of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong) NASI Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellow Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Parasitic Diseases (Springer) Biotech Park, Janki Puram Sector G, Kursi Road,Lucknow-226021, India VII Contents Foreword .................................................................................................. XI Preface .................................................................................................. XIII Section I Introduction .................................................................................................. 01 Chapter 1 Mosquito vectors of human malaria ................................... 03 and geographical distribution Vas Dev Section II Bionomics of dominant malaria vectors and disease ............................ 09 transmission relationships Chapter 2 Emergence and spread of insecticide-resistant .................. 11 Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies: its bionomics and control in the context of malaria elimination initiative in India Sylvie Manguin and Vas Dev Chapter 3 Anopheles (Cellia) James 1902: ............................... 23 foothills of India Khageswar Pradhan Chapter 4 Bionomics and control of ...................................................... 33 Anopheles (Cellia) minimus in the context of disappearing malaria in India Vas Dev and Sylvie Manguin Chapter 5 Anopheles (Cellia) baimaii (sibling-species ............................ 43 of the Dirus complex): the invincible vector of forest malaria in north-east India Vijay Veer and Varun Tyagi Chapter 6 Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus: a vector of ............................... 59 malaria in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Manoj Kumar Das and Vas Dev VIII Chapter 7 Anopheles (Cellia) Liston 1901: ............................... 69 the vector of urban malaria - an imminent threat to malaria elimination in India Susanta Kumar Ghosh Section III Bionomics of secondary malaria vectors and implications .................. 83 in malaria elimination Chapter 8 Anopheles (Cellia) annularis group: species .......................... 85 composition, bionomics and risk of malaria transmission in India Surya Kant Sharma Chapter 9 Anopheles (Cellia) group: ...................................... 95 species composition, distribution and role in the transmission of malaria in India Pradyumna Kishore Mohapatra Chapter 10 Anopheles (Cellia) Grassi 1899: .............................. 105 an emerging vector of malaria in urban India Ashwani Kumar, K. Hari Krishan Raju and Vas Dev Section IV Malaria transmission and vector control options .................................. 115 Chapter 11 Malaria transmission in India: disease ............................... 117 distribution and prevalence of mosquito vectors in different physiographic zones Anupkumar Anvikar and Vas Dev Chapter 12 Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors ............................. 129 and management strategies in India Rajpal Singh Yadav, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Poonam Sharma Velamuri, Vaishali Verma and Sreehari Uragayala Chapter 13 Malaria vector control in India: ........................................... 149 present perspectives and continuing challenges Chazhoor John Babu Chapter 14 Integrated disease vector control: ........................................ 165 a holistic approach targeting malaria Virendra Kumar Dua and Vas Dev IX Chapter 15 Paratransgenesis: a novel approach for .............................. 183 malaria transmission control Tapan Kumar Barik and Usha