Immigrants in the Finnish Labour Market Research Director Elli Heikkilä Institute of Migration Conference on Migration and Demographic Challenges in the Nordic- Baltic Region, KUMU Art Museum, 7.-8.3.2013, Tallinn, Estonia Short introduction to Finnish emigration in Baltic/Sweden and world context Emigration from Finland 1860-2010 and Finns abroad 2010 Immigration to and emigration from Finland in 1960-1984 (Note! Includes also persons of foreign origin). From and to all countries Between Finland and Sweden Net From Sweden From Finland Net Year Immigration Emigration migration to Finland to Sweden migration 1960 3 396 12 552 -9 156 3 166 12 092 -8 926 1961 6 521 18 336 -11 815 3 768 12 830 -9 062 1962 6 026 13 280 -7 254 4 271 9 770 -5 499 1963 5 127 12 947 -7 820 4 071 10 385 -6 314 1964 8 214 28 082 -19 868 3 824 19 302 -15 478 1965 8 311 29 394 -21 083 4 540 21 852 -17 312 1966 8 351 20 554 -12 203 6 378 16 617 -10 239 1967 7 202 12 898 -5 696 6 061 10 616 -4 555 1968 9 872 24 866 -14 994 6 108 17 338 -11 230 1969 13 608 54 107 -40 499 5 858 38 607 -32 749 1970 16 824 53 205 -36 381 10 961 41 479 -30 518 1971 18 338 17 665 673 16 455 15 535 920 1972 17 421 11 951 5 470 15 460 10 254 5 206 1973 16 491 10 309 6 182 14 402 8 635 5 767 1974 13 311 12 027 1 284 10 474 10 070 404 1975 8 307 12 237 -3 930 5 077 10 764 -5 687 1976 7 387 17 346 -9 959 4 745 15 334 -10 589 1977 7 580 18 209 -10 629 5 036 14 634 -9 598 1978 7 184 16 327 -9 143 4 725 11 827 -7 102 1979 10 122 16 661 -6 539 7 058 12 803 -5 745 1980 13 626 14 824 -1 198 10 202 11 245 -1 043 1981 15 771 10 042 5 729 12 339 6 774 5 565 1982 14 661 7 403 7 258 11 239 4 510 6 729 1983 13 629 6 822 6 807 9 669 4 030 5 639 1984 11 686 7 467 4 219 7 979 4 609 3 370 4 Source: Jouni Korkiasaari, Institute of Migration, Finland 5 3 • pull effect: economical boom in Sweden -> demand for labour especially in industry in Sweden; higher wage level • working places also for those who didn’t know Swedish language • push effect: unemployment in Finland; baby-boom generation entering to the labour market, i.e. high supply of labour; structural changes in the society for ex. job decline in agricultural sector and urbanization • chain migration; knowledge of possibilities in Swedish labour market • emigration in 1969 and 1970 so strong that the population of Finland decreased; last time in the end of the 1860s because of famine Actions in the Finnish society • how to get expatriate Finns back to Finland? • establishment of the Advisory Board of Emigration Affairs; 1) suggestions for to improve Finnish expariates’ situation abroad and 2) to advance return migration back to Finland • return migration campaigns targetted especially for Finns living in Sweden • in the Finnish economy fear of lack of labour force in the beginning of the 1970s Finnish emigrants from Finland to foreign countries in 2000, 2005 and 2010 by top-ten countries 2000 % 2005 % 2010 % Sweden 3,349 32,9 Sweden 2,823 29,0 Sweden 2,298 26,2 Norway 1,236 12,1 Britain 1,133 11,6 Britain 933 10,6 USA 793 7,8 USA 844 8,7 USA 617 7,0 Britain 770 7,6 Spain 584 6,0 Spain 507 5,8 Spain 734 7,2 Germany 577 5,9 Germany 505 5,8 Germany 695 6,8 Norway 506 5,2 Norway 456 5,2 Denmark 304 3,0 Denmark 303 3,1 Denmark 349 4,0 Netherlands 234 2,3 Estonia 281 2,9 Switzerland 347 4,0 Switzerland 224 2,2 Switzerland 262 2,7 Estonia 269 3,1 Belgium 211 2,1 France 218 2,2 France 222 2,5 Total 8,550 84,0 Total 7,531 77,3 Total 6,503 74,0 Emigration total 10,183 100,0 Emigration total 9,737 100,0 Emigration total 8,782 100,0 8 Immigration to Finland and immigrants’ position in the labour market • Emigration from Finland in 2011 -3 334 foreign citizens -9 326 Finnish citizens • Immigration to Finland in 2011 -20 416 foreign citizens -9 065 Finnish citizens • International migration balance +17 082 foreign citizens -261 Finnish citizens The number of immigrants in 2011 • Immigrants, or foreign citizens, in Finland numbered 183 133 persons, representing 3,4 percent of the total population. • Totally, there were 266 148 persons living in Finland who were born abroad. This represents 4.9 percent of total population. • The largest groups of those born abroad were persons born in Russia or former USSR (59 445), born in Sweden (31 373), born in Estonia (29 545) and born in Somalia (8 767). 11 Immigrants in Finland’s municipalities in 2006 12 oThis section is based on International migration, need of labour and effects of immigration on education supply in Finland –ESF- anticipation project (Heikkilä & Pikkarainen, Institute of Migration 2005-2008) oSummary in English: Internationalization of Population and Labour Force from the Present to the Future. http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/pdf/A30_summary.pdf oFull report in Finnish: http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/pdf/Siirtolaisuustutkimuksia_A30_ESR.pdf 2 Age structure of the population groups according to their nationality in 2006 (Data: Statistics Finland). percent 25 Finnish Foreign total Swedish Estonian Russian and former USSR 20 15 10 5 0 age 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65+ 14 Unemployment rate of foreigners and total population in 1994- 2006 in Finland 60 53 49 48 50 Foreigners 44 39 Total population 40 37 31 31 % 28 28 30 27 25 24 20 17 15 15 13 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Data: Statistics Finland, Ministry of Labour 15 Statistics for Finland in 2010 • the number of employed foreign citizens 65 071 persons • the number of unempolyed foreign citizens 19 147 persons • unemployment rate 23 % for foreign citizens in Finland • unemployment rate 10 % for Finnish citizens in Finland Differences in employment according to citizenship in 2010 • 15 315 employed Estonians in Finland • 2 168 unempolyed Estonians; unemployment rate 14,4 % (of labour force) • 3 570 employed Swedes in Finland • 563 unemplyed Swedes; unemployment rate 13,6 % • 9 161 employed Russians in Finland • 4 536 unemployed Russians; unemployment rate 33,1 % • 526 employed Somalis in Finland • 1 214 unemployed Somalis; unemployment rate 69,8 % • 1 337 employed Indians in Finland • 157 unemployed Indians; unemployment rate 10,5 % Entrepreneurs by citizenship in 2010 • 1 108 Estonian entrepreneurs (7,2 % of employed Estonians) • 382 Swedish entrepreneurs (10,7 % of employed Swedes) • 807 Russian entrepreneurs (8,8 % of employed Russians) • 7 Somali entrepreneurs (1,3 % of employed Somalis) • 600 Turkish entrepreneurs (36,1 % of employed Turks) • For Finnish citizens 10,3 % of employed Finns Main activity in 2002 and 2003 of persons immigrated in Finland in 2002 by country of birth Employed Unemployed Students Pensioners Others 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 Estonia Finland Sweden UK Germany China Turkey Thailand Former Iraq Other Total USSR Country of birth 19 Immigrant women’s and men’s main activity by education level a year after immigrating to Finland (2003) Employed Unemployed Student Retired Other 100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Primary education Secondary Lowest higher Lower higher Upper higher Doctoral education education education education education 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Immigrants’ employment Agriculture sectors in 2003, a year percentage of the employed Forestry after immigration Women Forest industry Manufacture of metal products Men Manufacture of machinery and equipment Manufacture of electrical machinery Manufacture of transport equipment Manufacture of instruments etc. Other metal industry Other industry Construction Trade Transport and communication Finance, insurance, real estate and business activities Public administration, defence and security Cleaning, sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities Education and research Health work Social work Organisational activities Cultural activities Service activities used by private households 21 Occupation unknown Employed and unemployed immigrants by country of birth in 1995, 2000 and 2004 2000 2004 Employed 1995 percentage of w orking-aged percentage of w orking-aged Unemployed percentage of w orking-aged 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 UK Sweden Sw eden Sweden UK UK Saksa Estonia Poland Germany India China Germany Estonia Turkey Turkey USA USA China Marocco USA Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam country of birth of country Former Former USSR USSR Former USSR and Russia Estonia Former Thailand Yugoslavia Iran Former Yugoslavia Former Yugoslavia Somalia Iran Iraq Somalia Iraq Somalia Iraq 22 Total Total Total Professions of employed immigrants and whole population in 2000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 Agricultural and forestry work Percentage of employed 2 Industrial work 3 Construction work 4 Traffic work Immigrants 5 Post work Whole 6 Leader and expert work in production and traffic population 7 Service work 8 Office work 9 Leader and expert work in economy and administration 10 Caring work 11 Teaching and cultural work 12 Security work Immigrants n=34 862 13 Profession unknown Whole population n=2 22823 557 •In 2004 the most common occupation among employed immigrant women was cleaning (a share of 12 percent), sales work (10 percent), teaching and education (9 percent) and restaurant service (8 percent).