Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals January 2003 Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Environmental Health Division of Laboratory Sciences Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724 NCEH Pub. No. 02-0716 Revised March 2003 _______________________________________________________________________________________ The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protects people’s health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases and injuries; enhances health decisions by providing credible information on critical health issues; and promotes healthy living through strong partnerships with local, national, and international organizations. Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................1 Data Sources......................................................................................................................................................5 Toxicology and Health-Risk Information ......................................................................................................7 Results by Chemical Group.............................................................................................................................9 Metals ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Lead ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Cadmium ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Mercury ................................................................................................................................................... 17 Cobalt ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 Uranium................................................................................................................................................... 23 Antimony................................................................................................................................................. 26 Barium ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 Beryllium................................................................................................................................................. 32 Cesium..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Molybdenum............................................................................................................................................ 37 Platinum................................................................................................................................................... 40 Thallium .................................................................................................................................................. 42 Tungsten .................................................................................................................................................. 45 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.......................................................................................................... 49 1-Hydroxybenz[a]anthracene and 3-Hydroxybenz[a]anthracene............................................................ 51 1-Hydroxybenzo[c]phenanthrene, 2-Hydroxybenzo[c]phenanthrene, and 3-Hydroxybenzo[c]phenanthrene......................................................................................................... 55 3-Hydroxychrysene and 6-Hydroxychrysene.......................................................................................... 61 3-Hydroxyfluoranthene ........................................................................................................................... 65 2-Hydroxyfluorene and 3-Hydroxyfluorene............................................................................................ 67 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-Hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-Hydroxyphenanthrene................................. 71 1-Hydroxypyrene..................................................................................................................................... 77 Tobacco Smoke........................................................................................................................................... 79 Cotinine ................................................................................................................................................... 79 Phthalates.................................................................................................................................................... 81 Mono-ethyl phthalate............................................................................................................................... 83 Mono-butyl phthalates............................................................................................................................. 85 Mono-benzyl phthalate............................................................................................................................ 87 Mono-cyclohexyl phthalate..................................................................................................................... 89 Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate .................................................................................................................. 91 Mono-n-octyl phthalate ........................................................................................................................... 93 Mono-isononyl phthalate......................................................................................................................... 95 i Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls .................................................................................................... 97 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) .......................................................................... 101 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) ......................................................................... 102 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD).............................................................................. 103 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD).............................................................................. 104 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD)................................................................................. 105 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) .................................................................................... 106 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF).................................................................................. 107 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) ............................................................................... 108 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF)..................................................................................... 109 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF)..................................................................................... 110 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF)..................................................................................... 111 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) ........................................................................................ 112 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF)..................................................................................... 113 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) ........................................................................................ 114 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) ............................................................................................. 115 3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169)........................................................................................ 116 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126)........................................................................................... 117 3,4,4',5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 81) ................................................................................................. 118 Polychlorinated Biphenyls....................................................................................................................... 119 2,4,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 28) ....................................................................................................... 122 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 52) ................................................................................................ 123 2,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 66) ................................................................................................ 124 2,4,4',5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 74) ................................................................................................. 125 2,2',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl