Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 289 5th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2018) The Religious Effects of Metaphors of Songs and Lyrics in Dunhuang Buddhism* Yanghe Wang The College of Literature and Journalism Sichuan University Chengdu, China Abstract—The religion is closely related to art. Among the “All conditioned occurrences, like the morning dew, or like Buddhist books, the metaphorical technique, one of the lightning "is a famous serial simile. Kumarajiva also wrote language arts, is more prominent. There are 823 Buddhist the Poem of Ten Metaphors, which showed that everthing songs including 228 metaphorical words (not counting was illusions and things hanppened with phantom simile, repeated metaphorical words) in Summary of Dunhuang Songs sunshine simile and so on. And the figure of apadana is and Lyrics of REN Zhongmin. From the perspective of more prominent in the Dunhuang Buddhism songs and rhetoric, the use of the metaphor can make the language vivid, lyrics of the Mahavairocana Sutra, the Mahaprajnaparamita concise and comprehensive. In the spread of Buddhism, the use Upadesha and Vimalakirti Sutra. There is a deep study on of metaphor highlights the core concepts of Buddhism and can the apadana of Buddhist books in A Study on the Theory of effectively attract believers. The metaphor highlights and Buddhist Apadana of Liu Zhengping, Meditation and shapes the Buddhist images of "beauty and nobility", "kindness" and "freedom from suffering". Apadana — Discuss a difference between Chinese Zen and Indian Buddhism of Zhang Jiemo and Apadana: Convenient Keywords—Dunhuang songs and lyrics; metaphor; rhetoric; Transmission and Poetic Expression for Buddhism of Zhang spread Shahai. Apadana has a profound meaning in Buddhism. The apadana of Sanskrit means taking the known thing reveals the unknown thing in Buddhism Dictionary. I. INTRODUCTION Saddharmapundarika Sentences: an apadana is showing a In the world, various religions mostly use art to spread example and giving a lesson; say one thing but mean more and expand their influence, such as religious architectural things; the example is simple, but the lesson is impressive. art, engraving art, painting art, music art, literature and other The apadana has a variety of meanings, including rhetoric, forms. Hegel once said that "art is directly connected with illustration, reasoning and other composite meanings. (Liu 1 religion at its highest level" . Religion often uses art to Zhengping, 2010) this paper mainly analyzes metaphoric 2 make us feel its truth better. There is the concept of words in Buddhist songs and lyrics from the perspective of 3 apadana in the Buddhist language , which has caused a lot metaphor vocabulary. 5This paper mainly takes the Buddhist of attention and been widely used in the Buddhist books of songs and lyrics in Summary of Dunhuang Songs and all ages. To make it easy for people to understand the Lyrics of Ren Zhongmin as the research object to explore content of the meaning of teaching and speaking, the use of the application of the metaphoric words of Buddhism. 4 examples or fables to illustrate is known as apadana. In Buddhism uses folk popular music literature forms such as Hinayana Buddhism, such as One Hundred Buddhist Quzici to spread Buddhism and express the "love" of the Parables and The Miscellaneous Hundred Buddhist Parables Buddha. "This kind of love forms an emotional make full use of apadana stories to illustrate Buddhist communication between god and human beings, and music principle. In Mahayana Buddhism, the Mahayana is the most appropriate expression of this emotion." 6The Mahaparinirvana Sutra lists the similes of sequent simile, spread of these Buddhist literature forms, which affected obsequent simile, non-simile, etc. In the Diamond Sutra, *This paper is part of the humanities and social science research project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education (Project number: 17SB0444). 5 Metaphor is a general term of concepts which different scholars have different classifications of. For example, Black (1979) is divided into 1 MA Delin, Religion, a Cultural Phenomenon [M], Shanghai extinct metaphor and latent metaphor (active metaphor), and L&J is People’s Publishing House, in the year of 1987, Page 101 divided into structural metaphor, directional metaphor and ontological 2 MA Delin, Religion, a Cultural Phenomenon [M], Shanghai metaphor. There are also dominant metaphor (simile), allusive metaphor People’s Publishing House, in the year of 1987, Page 102 (metaphor), root metaphor, derivative metaphor and so on. This paper 3 MA Delin, Religion, a Cultural Phenomenon [M], Shanghai focuses on the analysis of rhetorical effect, so it won’t go into details about People’s Publishing House, in the year of 1987, Page 105 the distinctions of the metaphor. 4 Hong Xue, Buddhist Literature of Chinese Language Family [M], 6 MA Delin, Religion, a Cultural Phenomenon [M]. Shanghai Bashu Book, in the year of 2006, Page 14 People’s Publishing House, in the year of 1987, Page 120 Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 491 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 289 Chinese culture, was one of the great cultural exchanges in TABLE I. CATEGORY OF METAPHORICAL WORDS IN BUDDHISM 7 world history. Category The The Latter The Complete Foregoing Metaphor Metaphor The songs and lyrics analyzed in this paper are Metaphor combined with the Checked Summary of Dunhuang Songs For Moon face, Bodhi seed, Medicine King, and Lyrics of Xiang Chu, First Revisal of Dunhuang Lyrics example wind and fire Bodhi merit Regulating Hero, of Jiang Lihong, The Collection of Dunhuang Quzici of nature, Dharma King Wang Chongmin, Dunhuang Melody of Rao Zongyi, New ignorance (Dharmaraja) Book of Dunhuang Yunyao Collection and Miscellaneous mouth Quantity Melodies of Pan Zhonggui, as well as the proofreading by 3 77 148 Long Hui, Zeng Liang and other scholars. The Summary of Dunhuang Songs and Lyrics includes 1,248 Dunhuang From the above statistics (see “Table I”), we can see songs and lyrics, of which Buddhist couplet lyrics account some metaphoric words in Buddhist books. In terms of for a large part. They are mainly divided into two categories: content, there are a large number of metaphoric words about "Buddhists use them for internal restraint and self-restraint" nirvana, wisdom, worry, ignorance, living, life and death, and "external ones use them to deceive people". Among and secular, as well as Buddhist theories. This shows that them, there are 5 pieces of Miscellaneous Melody · Ziqu, most of these metaphoric words are closely related to 208 pieces of Buddhist melody in Ordinary Couplet (plus 7 Buddhist concepts and theories and serve to express pieces of Echo Music, Separate from the Confusion and 2 Buddhist thoughts. In terms of word formation, there are pieces of Hidden), 163 pieces of Buddhist melody in Double 148 complete metaphoric words which are the most. The Sentences Couplet, 313 pieces of Buddhist melody in Fixed latter metaphoric words are the second most with the Couplet and 134 pieces of Buddhist melody in Long Fixed number of 77. That is the general construction pattern of Couplet. The total number of Buddhist melodies is 823. Buddhist metaphoric words. The foregoing metaphoric words are the least with the number of 3. II. METAPHORIC WORDS OF BUDDHISM Lakoff and Johnson believe that metaphor is to Metaphor is widely used in Dunhuang songs and lyrics understand the experience of one field from the experience and Buddhist melodies, such as sentences of the Difficult to of another one. Metaphor is not only a linguistic Walk on the Road No Heart Rhythm: “Difficult to walk on phenomenon but also a tool for people to understand the the road, difficult to walk on the road, as the requirement of perception and form concepts of the external world. The the father, I have to transfer excrement early.” The cognitive model can be summarized into the following transferring excrement is the excrement transportation, aspects: O → C → E (O = ontology, E = epistemology, C = 8 which is common metaphoric words in Buddhist books and cognition) , which means people perceive and understand comes from the sentence of Saddharmapundarika the objective world through cognition. Langacker believes Sutra · Explanation for Shinge: “Looking for someone in that it can be described in detail from the aspects of "detail, Qihua Town, and tell him to get paid for excrement scope, background, perspective and prominence" to cognize 9 transportation”. The sentence shows that the payment of the world. Based on the theory of Idealized Cognitive excrement transportation is an apadana of Buddhism in Models proposed by Lakoff (1987), this paper analyzed the Hinayana Buddhism and expresses the thought of three metaphoric words in Buddhist songs and lyrics. This theory realms through the small things. Another example is "sheep, is an important cognitive method to study human conceptual deer, and cattle”. Saddharmapundarika Sutra Explanation structure and semantic category. Cognitive model refers to for Apadana uses sheep, deer, and cattle to refer to the three human's psychological construction of the objective world. vehicles of Sound-Hearer, Pratyekabuddha, and Bodhisattva Cognitive model is an idealized and abstract model. Its by apadana. Buddhism believes that these three vehicles can purpose is not to represent the external world accurately, but 10 help people get rid of the fire of samsara. According to the to understand experience in a normative way (Wang internal structure of metaphoric words, they can be divided Wenbin, 2014). Lakoff believed that human beings often into the foregoing metaphor, the latter metaphor and the organize knowledge and represent reality by structure, and complete metaphor. Due to the limitation of space, only each ICM is a complex structural entirety and gestalt.