EURACADEMY Thematic Guide Eleven EURACADEMY ASSOCIATION EUROPEAN ACADEMY FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT THEMATIC GUIDE ELEVEN …. Culture and Landscape: Contributions to Sustainable Rural Development 1 EURACADEMY Thematic Guide Eleven EURACADEMY THEMATIC GUIDE SERIES EURACADEMY ASSOCIATION The European Academy for Sustainable Rural Development www.euracademy.org THEMATIC GUIDE ELEVEN Culture and Landscape: Contributions to Sustainable Rural Development Texts were written by: Simon Bell Diedrich Bruns Mojca Golobic Jelena Hladnik Peter Howard Panagiotis Ignatiadis Lenka Kacvic-Spela Kuhar Miha Klinar Marko Koscak Zoltan Kun Pauline White, Edited by: Fouli Papageorgiou Case studies editing: Elena Barka Athens, July 2013 2 EURACADEMY Thematic Guide Eleven CONTENTS PAGE Preface 4 PART 1: Landscape Chapter 1. Cultural Landscapes-Two Competing Systems, by Peter Howard 6 Chapter 2. Reading the Landscape, by Simon Bell 16 Chapter 3. What people give value to in their Surroundings by Diedrich Bruns 25 Chapter 4. Protecting Wilderness in Europe: A Landscape approach by Zoltan Kun 32 Chapter 5. Landscape as an Inspiration and Obligation by Mojca Golobic 41 Chapter 6. Implementation of the European Landscape Convention in Slovenia and Slovenian Candidacy for European Landscape Award by Jelena Hladnik 47 Chapter 7. Landscape and Social Innovation in Rural Areas 55 PART 2: Creative Industries Chapter 8. Creative Industries: At the Crossroads of Innovation and Creativity by Panagiotis Ignatiadis 58 Chapter 9. Creative Industries’ Role in Rural Development-The case of the West of Ireland by Pauline White 65 Chapter 10. Heritage Trails in Slovenia: Tourism Entrepreneurship in action and stakeholders’ relationship by Marko Koscak 76 Chapter 11. Playful Architecture-Learning about Sustainable Spatial Development by Lenka Kavcic&Spela Kuha 85 3 EURACADEMY Thematic Guide Eleven PREFACE uracademy Association is a pan-European, non-profit membership organisation devoted to capacity building of rural communities in Europe. The Association brings together planners, researchers and practitioners of rural development from a host of European countries. A Summer Academy on a theme pertinent to sustainable rural development is organised every year in a different location; also, a Thematic Guide is published every year on the same theme as the Summer Academy. In addition, the Association organises conferences, undertakes research and coordinates EU-funded projects with a view of building up a body of knowledge on sustainable rural development. These activities aim to prompt lifelong learning opportunities amongst members of rural communities, by using a variety of educational means. This is the Eleventh Thematic Guide in the Euracademy series. It will be used as a reference tool in the Twelfth Summer Academy, held in Loski Potok, Slovenia from 13th July to 21st July 2013. The Eleventh Summer Academy is organised by Euracademy Association in co-operation with Notranjski Ekološki Center, Cerknica, Slovenia. This Thematic Guide will be revised in the light of the discussions in the summer academy, enriched with examples brought in by participants, and published. It aims to provoke the reader’s thinking on topics as: The challenges that rural landscapes are facing in relation to their heritage and cultural makeup The contribution of the European Landscape Convention in the preservation of the cultural elements of landscapes and the mobilisation of local communities The contribution of the creative industries in highlighting and valorising the links between culture, landscapes and heritage. Learning and education in the creative, cultural and heritage sectors (including inter-generational connections) Creating new jobs (economic development) through the creative, cultural and heritage industries Motivating local communities and the contribution of local culture and heritage to community development including tools for motivating local participants, growing local ownership and taking on responsibilities. Balancing the needs of development and protection of community local cultural heritage For Euracademy Association, this issue is part of the broader challenge of sustainable rural development. It inevitably cross-relates to, or overlaps with, themes of previous Summer Academies: Developing Sustainable Rural Tourism Education and Lifelong Learning for Sustainable Rural Development Culture and Sustainable Rural Development Sustainable 2020 for Rural Environment in Europe Local Governance and Sustainable Rural Development Enjoy reading! The Euracademy Association www.euracademy.org 4 EURACADEMY Thematic Guide Eleven 5 EURACADEMY Thematic Guide Eleven PART I: Landscape CHAPTER 1. Cultural Landscapes-Two Competing Systems By Peter Howard After unpacking some of the meanings of the understand only too well the family problems that critical concepts of Heritage, of Culture and of death and inheritance can bring. If heritage is a Landscape, particularly showing how these very personal thing, then so is landscape. concepts change over time, the paper proceeds Architecture may be appreciated with the eyes to demonstrate that two different ideas of and analysed with the head, but landscape is landscape have merged with two notions of appreciated through the eyes, ears, nose and culture to produce two streams of research and certainly the stomach, and it appeals to the heart. planning. One, represented by the World Heritage It is an experience more than a view, and a very Convention is an expert driven top-down process visceral one. Humans seem to be born with an which has proved very successful, and the other attachment to ‘their place’ whether that is a is represented by the European Landscape carefully conserved National Park, or a street in a Convention which demands a bottom-up, holistic suburb. This paper’s purpose is to postulate that view of all landscapes, however mundane. This there are two broad themes involved in the may be intellectually attractive but has not yet Cultural Landscape Heritage, which are currently grown very deep roots. Some critical questions in opposition. And unfortunately the democratic remain: whose landscape and whose heritage? bottom-up theme, which may be intellectually the conserved for whose benefit? Case studies more attractive, is certainly not winning. include Poltimore House, showing a range of stakeholders with different agendas, and the The discussion has to start with three words 751st Winkleigh Fair, showing different concepts which are among the most complex in the English of culture in a gentrifying Devonshire village. Language—culture, landscape, and heritage. ‘Nature’ is perhaps even more complex, but can This paper is perhaps unlike the typical academic perhaps, in this context, be disregarded. Culture paper which you read in the learned journals, as a concept has been most memorably studied such as International Journal of Heritage Studies, by Raymond Williams some years ago. Many which I am proud to have founded. If the paper countries have a Ministry of Culture, who is seems to be quite subjective and personal at usually responsible for promoting the Arts. In times, concerning the family and village Britain it is Culture, Media and Sport, which community of the author; this is entirely suggests that television and football have deliberate. There is not much which is more something to do with culture, but are not actually personal than heritage and inheritance; many will culture. It used to be the Department of National 6 EURACADEMY Thematic Guide Eleven Heritage, which underlined the extent to which Ecologists regard landscape as a scale of Heritage is used to promote a post-modern operations. Kenneth Olwig looks at the origins of national identity, now that real, unself-conscious the concept in detail. At least now Europe has a national identity is largely lost. A most useful definition ‘A Place as Perceived by People’. But working definition of Culture comes from the work people’s perceptions are very diverse. There may of Werner Krauss, an anthropologist, and he be some features in the landscapes preferred distinguishes between the Anthropological which are universal to all people in all times; Jay definition of Culture, which incorporates all those Appleton certainly thinks so, but there is also human activities that distinguishes humans from good evidence that preferences of landscapes are other animals. These activities include language significantly influenced by nationality, by gender, and religion of course, but also many trivial things, by level of education and that rather more difficult and human beings can be very defensive about term, ‘class’. To add to these, there are major their culture indeed. Those who belong to a tribe differences between those who have direct which hangs the toilet roll so that it comes down experience of place, the insiders, and those who from behind, cannot understand those who have it consider it from an external perspective. Finally flapping over the front. It is a bit like the war in landscape preference clearly also change over Gulliver’s Travels between the Big Enders and the time and generations. Little Enders, which is concerned with how boiled eggs are eaten. The opposite of this definition is Research conducted in the 1980s has the Artiform definition. Here, values have been demonstrated how the landscape preferences of added to the broader definition, so that Culture English artists have changed very significantly becomes ‘A Good Thing’ and the elite