Kingswood Way and Bridleway 155 Robert Fairbrother Introduction Kingswood Way runs roughly south from Old Farleigh Road in Selsdon and heads towards Limpsfield Road in Hamsey Green. After a distance of just over a kilometre (about three quarters of a mile) it merges into Kingswood Lane, part of which is Bridleway 155, before arriving at Limpsfield Road. The total distance is about 2.5 km (1.5 miles). In the map shown on the left (from Google Maps) the bridleway is seen as a narrowing of the road between Kingswood Way and Kingswood Lane. The first part of Kingswood Way as far as the sharp bend in the road (just at the ‘K’ of Kingswood) consists of houses on both sides. The rest of Kingswood Way consists of housing to the east and Kings Wood itself to the west. The boundary between Sanderstead and Selsdon runs along Kingswood Way from the north through the sharp bend and along the bridleway into Kingswood Lane. So the wood lies in Sanderstead while the houses are in Selsdon. “Kingswood Way is an all-purpose highway not maintainable at public expense to a point in line with the southern boundary of No. 79. At this point it continues as Kingswood Lane, a public bridleway with the benefit of private vehicular rights, to the Croydon borough boundary and thence into Tandridge district where it becomes an all-purpose highway maintainable at the public expense” (Crossby B, 2016). The maintenance of Kingswood Way is the responsibility of the frontagers. The maintenance of the bridleway is the responsibility of the London Borough of Croydon. The word ‘bridleway’ derives from its original meaning as a path for riding a horse which is controlled by a bridle. The use of a bridleway now extends to walkers, cyclists and, in some circumstances as with Bridleway 155, to vehicles that have a 1 right to use the route. The right exists for residents whose property fronts on to the bridleway or who have it written into the deeds of their property. This is a brief description of Kingswood Way and the bridleway as they are now. The origin and purpose of Kingswood Way are, however, uncertain. The reason for the uncertainty is not obvious without going back into some history and looking at the reasons why we have roads at all. Roads Starting point The origin of roads lies in pre-history. The first tracks through the land were almost certainly made by animals. As human beings evolved they would follow these tracks in search of the animals themselves and eventually as a means of communicating with each other. Other tracks would have appeared as humans looked for easy ways to cross rivers, mountains and swamps. Domestication of horses and oxen led to bigger loads being carried and hence the need for wider trails with higher clearance. Vehicular traffic probably started with a travois, a triangular frame dragged by a horse as shown on the left. Wheels are much more complex and were probably developed in the Middle East around 5000 BC while ancient Britons were chipping flint to make stone axes. Nevertheless early Britons did move around, not with wheeled traffic but with pack animals and on foot. The more long-distance paths developed along ridges to avoid rivers and swamps. Remnants of these Ridgeways are still evident in the naming of roads such as The Ridgeway in South Croydon. Transport and Communication There is some evidence of deliberate building of roads in England in the 1st century BC but roads came to England on a larger scale with the Romans. To move their troops as quickly as possible, they needed to go straight and avoid mud particularly in our wet northern climate. Aiming in a straight line is easy enough as long as the men were prepared to march up hill and down dale - the men themselves probably had no choice in the matter. So as to avoid men and chariots getting bogged down in mud, the Romans learned how to prepare roads with crushed stone that allowed water to drain away. When the Romans left, the roads deteriorated although the alignment of many of them remained as with the A1, the Great North Road. In medieval times roads were developed between market towns to trade goods such as wool, sheep and cattle. As the unification of the country grew so did the need for better administration, more services and hence communication by road. 2 Homes Human beings started out as hunter-gatherers. A family would establish itself in one place and hunt and forage for what they needed. For economy of effort and for added protection individual families would join together to form tribes, and hunting and foraging would continue but on a larger scale. The families would live in caves or huts, and paths would form between one family and another. With the invention of agriculture and the establishment of farms, communities would grow centred on the farm. These communities became hamlets and villages with roads joining the homes of the farm workers and, often, the church. Industrialisation accelerated this growth and large-scale building of homes and connecting roads took place eventually to give us the system that exists now. Roads have two main functions: giving access to homes, offices and factories within a community, and connecting one community to another to enable the transport of goods and services. Selsdon The roads in Selsdon fall into one or both of the above two categories. For example Farley Road leads from Croydon to Selsdon, and Addington Road running through Selsdon connects Sanderstead with Addington and places further east. Both roads also have homes built on each side. Other roads such as Rylands Road, Dulverton Road and Benhurst Gardens are used just to give access to homes. Indeed, they were built for that purpose as the population of Selsdon increased. Old Farleigh Road Old Farleigh Road is one of the end points of Kingswood Way and is one of the oldest in Selsdon. It leads from Selsdon to Farleigh and was probably established originally to connect the two places when Selsdon was just a farm and there was a need to transport produce and animals southwards. Walter de Merton, Lord Chancellor and Bishop of Rochester, purchased Farleigh sometime in the second half of the thirteenth century. Merton College in Oxford is named after him and, in its statutes of 1274 he endows the manor of Farleigh to the college (Merton College, 2015). It is possible, therefore, that Farleigh Road existed as far back as 1274. (The word ‘Old’ was added to the road some time after 1924 when the Selsdon Park Estate was sold.) Early maps (e.g. Roque1768 (sometimes spelt Rocque), Bowen 1777; Lindley & Crosley 1793) show a road that could be identified as Farleigh Road. Kingswood Way (For convenience in what follows I use the term “Kingswood Way” to refer to what we now know as Kingswood Way, Bridleway 155 and Kingswood Lane). While places are mentioned in old documents, the names of roads tend to be omitted unless there are issues concerning such things as rights of way and boundary disputes. The first real sign of roads appears in maps. The earliest map I have found of Selsdon is in John Roque’s Map of Surrey dated 1768 (Roque 1768). A section of Roque’s map taken from Sheet VI, K7 is reproduced below. This shows ‘Sandersted’, ‘Hamlby’ Green and Farley with Selsdon existing just as a farm. To the east of the road running south from Sandersted is a patch of woodland that is in approximately the same place as is Kings Wood now but is not the same shape. (There is no sign of Kingswood Way). 3 I guess one has to be careful when interpreting these old maps. This one shows details such as the position and shape of fields that it would be difficult for Roque to determine at the time. It also shows a road running south through Selsdon Farm to Farley. It appears to come from a crossroad that we would now identify as the traffic lights where Farley Road meets Old Farleigh Road. However, what we know as Farley Road was not built until much later than 1768. This junction probably shows the Upper Selsdon Road coming from Croydon and continuing through the grounds of what is now The Selsdon Park Hotel. This arrangement was changed when the estate comprising Selsdon Park, Selsdon Farm and Selsdon Woods was purchased by William Coles in 1809. He became bankrupt a year later and the estate was sold to George Smith, an MP, banker and director of the East India Company. Smith transformed the farm house into a mansion (later to become the Selsdon Park Hotel) and made many changes to the estate, among them moving the farm along the Addington Road to what is now the location of Aldi’s supermarket. He also landscaped the park and re-routed the Farleigh Road so that it didn’t go through his mansion but met the Addington Road further east at its present position. (See Friends of Selsdon Wood) It is worth noting that Kings Wood has nothing to do with royalty. Writing in the local history records of the Bourne Society, Joy Gadsby says: “In a tax return of 1332 a woodland is recorded as owned by a man named King of Selsdon, and the name Kingswood rightly belongs to a smaller wood to the north-east of Kingswood Lane and was accidentally switched when the first Ordnance Survey map was made in 1871.