Management of the Schmutzdecke Layer of a Slow Sand Filter Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Livingston, Peter Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 05:14:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293439 MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHMUTZDECKE LAYER OF A SLOW SAND FILTER By Peter Arthur Livingston _____________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2013 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Peter Arthur Livingston entitled Management of the Schmutzdecke Layer of a Slow Sand Filter and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ____________________________________ Date: April 19, 2013 Donald C. Slack, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Date: April 19, 2013 Gene Giacomelli, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Date: April 19, 2013 Joel Cuello, Ph.D. Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. _______________________________________ Date: April 19, 2013 Dissertation Director: Donald C. Slack Ph.D. 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowedable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgements of the source are made. Request for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College with his or her judgement as they see fit. Only if the proposed use of the material is in the interest of non- published scholarship. In all other instances permission must be obtained from the author. Peter Arthur Livingston 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks are to be given to Dr. Donald C. Slack and Dr. Gene Giacomelli for their support, guidance, assistance and encouragement during my graduate studies. It has taken many a glass of good red wine to complete this process. 5 DEDICATION I would like to thank and dedicate this document to my loving wife (Suzanne Livingston). Whithout her never-ending questioning on when I would complete this program and encouragement throughout the process I would have given up years ago. Thank you dear. I would also like to dedicate this document to my parents, Dr. William and Tootie Livingston. Thank you for teaching me throughout my life that I can accomplish anything I set out to accomplish. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………….8 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 11 Problem Definition.................................................................................................................... 11 Dissertation Format ................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2: PRESENT STUDY ............................................................................................... 15 Phase 1: Establishment of a Mature Slow Sand Filter .............................................................. 15 Phase 2: Treatment .................................................................................................................... 16 Phase 3: Scour Cleaning System............................................................................................... 18 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 20 APPENDIX A: MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHMUTZDECKE LAYER IN A SLOW SAND FILTER TO REUSE DRAINAGE WATER FROM A GREENHOUSE .................................... 23 1.0 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.0 Introduction and Background ......................................................................................... 25 2.1 Greenhouse Operations .................................................................................................. 25 2.2 Slow Sand Filtration ...................................................................................................... 28 2.3 Goals/Objectives ............................................................................................................ 31 2.4 Methods and Materials ................................................................................................... 32 3.0 Design and Construction of Slow Sand Filters .................................................................. 33 3.1 CEAC SSF ..................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 USBR SSF ..................................................................................................................... 35 4.0 Operation of SSF................................................................................................................ 36 4.1 Hydraulic capacity of SSF over time ............................................................................. 39 4.2 Suspension of SL ........................................................................................................... 39 5.0 Results ................................................................................................................................ 42 5.1 Turbidity and Hydraulic Capacity Results ..................................................................... 42 5.2 Suspension Results......................................................................................................... 44 6.0 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 46 6.1 SSF Design Summary .................................................................................................... 47 7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................. 49 8.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................. 50 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued APPENDIX B: MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHMUTZDECKE LAYER OF A SLOW SAND FILTER FOR PRETREATMENT OF POTABLE DRINKING WATER .................................. 51 1.0 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 51 2.0 RATIONALE ..................................................................................................................... 52 2.1 History of Slow Sand Filtration ..................................................................................... 54 2.2 Study Background .......................................................................................................... 55 3.0 SSF CAPACITY AND TURBIDITY MANAGEMENT .................................................. 57 3.1 Construction of Slow Sand Filter ................................................................................... 57 4.0 Operation of CEAC SSF .................................................................................................... 59 4.1 Hydraulic Capacity of SSF ............................................................................................ 60 4.2 Suspension of Organic Layer ......................................................................................... 60 5.0 CLEANING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 63 6.0 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 67 7.0 References .......................................................................................................................... 68 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Slow Sand Filter Cross-Section ...................................................................................... 11 Figure 2 Schmutzdecke Layer ...................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3 Side View of CEAC Slow Sand Filter ........................................................................... 16 Figure 4 SSF Suspension and Scour ............................................................................................