UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of Architects The Evolution Games and Sustainable Development of Shijiazhu- ang Railway Station Hub and Its Surrounding Urban Space Wenjing Luo College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, China Abstract actually participated in the design and The Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway was measurement of Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway, completed and opened to traffic in 1907. It undertook the construction of bridge tunnels and is the first state-owned narrow gauge all auxiliary buildings along the line. railway in modern China. By combing the historical background and important In order to make use of coal and iron in Shanxi status quo remains of the Zhengding- and export its rich mineral resources, the Taiyuan Railway, this paper investigates Chinese government signed a contract with the development process of the railway Russia in 1902 to build the Zhengding-Taiyuan itself and the evolution of surrounding Railway. The contract then transferred to cities and towns, and observes the role of France. In May 1904, the construction of the the Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway in Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway began and then promoting the economic and social was completed in December 1907. In order to reduce the construction cost and speed up the development of the railway radiation area. construction, the French side built it into a Taking Shijiazhuang section as an narrow gauge railway with a gauge of only 1 example, this paper analyzes the meter and laid light rail. In November 1937, the evolutionary games between Zhengding- Japanese army occupied the Zhengding-Taiyuan Taiyuan Railway and its radiation zone in Railway. Due to the low volume of narrow Shijiazhuang in terms of industrial form, gauge transportation of the Zhengding-Taiyuan trade distribution, transportation hub, etc. Railway, Japanese army changed it into a What’s more , this paper discusses the standard gauge (1435mm) and formed a railway continuous influences and social benefits of network. The name of Zhengding-Taiyuan the Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway remains Railway was changed to Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan in Shijiazhuang under the current urban Railway. In 1947, when Shijiazhuang was renewal state, and puts forward liberated, the Chinese government invested a lot suggestions for the protection research and of money to carry out comprehensive sustainable reuse of the remains in the rectification and the double track technical future. transformation of the railway. In 1974, in order to further increase the operation volume of Keywords: Industrial Heritage; Urban Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan Railway, the government Renewal; Evolution Games; Sustainable decided to transform it into an electrified Utilization; Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway; railway, which was the first double line Shijiazhuang Railway Station Hub electrified railway in China. Shijiazhuang terminal project was introduced. In 2005, due to the increasing passenger flow and logistics, the Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan railway entered the state of overload operation. The government started 1. Background to build a new Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan Passenger Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway is the first railway Dedicated Line, which was completed and in Shanxi Province and the symbol of beginning opened to traffic in 2009. The operation volume in Shijiazhuang city in China. The Chinese of the original Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan railway 214 PAPERS: VOLUME I of III UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of Architects had been greatly reduced, leaving only two pairs industrial heritages included in the list are: of normal speed trains. The new Shijiazhuang- (Shanxi) Yangquan Station, Nanzhangcun Taiyuan Passenger Dedicated Line is also the Station, Shangan Station, Nanyu Station, earliest high-speed railway in China, opening Niangziguan Station, Mianhe Bridge, Faluling the high-speed railway era. Railway Bridge ; (Hebei) Completion Monument of Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway, 2. Industrial heritages along the Maohua Memorial Pavilion, Shijiazhuang Stone Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway Bridge, Zhengtai Hotel, Japanese Blockhouse, In 2019, Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway was listed map and archives, etc. The important industrial in the inventory of Chinese industrial heritage heritages along the Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway protection (the second batch). The main are summarized as follows.（Table 1） Table 1. Important industrial heritages of Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway (Source: drawn by author) Name Year Builder Usage State Original Appearance Present Situation Mianhe Bridge 1905 France In Use Faluling 1905 France In Use Railway Bridge Niangziguan 1906 France In Use Station Yangquan 1906 France Vacant Station Shijiazhuang 1907 China Vacant Stone Bridge Zhengtai Hotel 1907 France Vacant PAPERS: VOLUME I of III 215 UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of Architects 3. Spatial evolution of Shijiazhuang merge the Beijing-Hankou Railway station and station hub and its surroundi ng the Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway station into one urban environment station, named Shimen station, with the west The Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway connects exit. Between the west side of the station and Shanxi and Hebei and transports the rich Shijiazhuang Stone Bridge, a front square and a products along the railway to the Beijing- city park were built, presenting a radial road Hankou Railway, which changes the network. Railway factories and power plants backwardness of the towns along the line. were built around the station, and the central Especially in Shijiazhuang, the Zhengding- urban area was basically industrial land, Taiyuan Railway is a narrow gauge (1000mm commercial land and storage land, forming the gauge), while the Beijing-Hankou Railway is a prototype of Shijiazhuang's contemporary urban standard gauge (1435mm gauge), so it is pattern. necessary to change vehicles in Shijiazhuang, which can greatly promote the development of Urban development and railway system are logistics and freight transportation. The form of interactive and symbiotic, but when cities or Shijiazhuang railway hub and the city is unique hubs develop to a certain scale, they will also in China. There is no foundation around it. It restrict each other. On the one hand, urban starts from scratch and is also called ‘the city development restricts the development of pulled by the railway’. railway hub. On the other hand, railway hub area forms a huge independent space in the city, 3.1 Modern urban spatial evolution of which leads to the separation of urban layout. Shijiazhuang station hub (1904-1949) This separation is also accompanied by the Before 1904, Shijiazhuang was a small village urban development, can be more and more, in Zhili Province. In 1904, the Beijing-Hankou which will limit the development of urban Railway was opened to traffic and a station was environment and traffic. set up in Shijiazhuang. In 1907, the Zhengding- Taiyuan Railway was completed, which met 3.2 Contemporary urban spatial planning with Beijing-Hankou Railway in Shijiazhuang, pattern of Shijiazhuang railway station forming a railway hub. At the same location, the (1949-2020) wide and narrow tracks were independent of After 1949, Shijiazhuang newly built and each other, and two stations coexisted for a long expanded power, coal, textile and other time. The spatial structure of the hub took the industrial enterprises. The formation of Beijing-Hankou Railway as the vertical axis, industrial enterprises laid the foundation for the extending to the north and south directions, in a urban development of Shijiazhuang. In 1968, long strip shape. The south end of the the capital of Hebei Province moved in, and the Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway was parallel to the administrative center settled in the east of the Beijing-Hankou Railway, while the land city. According to the draft urban planning of occupied by two railways was gradually Shijiazhuang City in 1952 and the overall widened to the north. The two stations were planning of Shijiazhuang City (1955-1975), due sandwiched between the two railways, forming to the constraints of railway and the restriction a closed hub space, which was inconvenient to of the northwest, the urban pattern of enter and exit the platform. In order to facilitate Shijiazhuang city growed to the east on a large the crossing, Shijiazhuang Stone Bridge of scale. Administrative areas and new industrial Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway was built, which areas were located in the east side of railway became the first railway stone arch bridge hub, and a large number of residential areas and connecting the East and West urban areas of school districts were planned. However, the Shijiazhuang at that time. nature of the old urban land for the hub were still mainly existing industry, commerce, storage, After the Japanese army occupied North China, etc. to the west of the railway hub. It was in October 1939, Shimen ( the old name of necessary to reconstruct gradually and expand Shijiazhuang ) city planning outline was slightly to fill in the blank, but basically not formulated. In 1940, Japanese army changed the develop in order to make full use of the existing narrow gauge to the standard gauge to increase facilities. the operation volume, and the function of Shijiazhuang Stone Bridge no longer existed In 1981, the planning continued to expand on the when the railway went out from the south side basis of the planning in 1955. It is different from of the station. At the same time, it is planned to the planning in 1955, which only reconstructed 216 PAPERS: VOLUME I of III UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of Architects Figure 1. This is the schematic diagram of outgoing line changes of Shijiazhuang railway terminal before and after 1940. Figure 2. This is the Planning drawings of Shijiazhuang city from 1902 to 1949. PAPERS: VOLUME I of III 217 UIA 2021 RIO: 27th World Congress of Architects Figure 3. This is the Planning drawings of Shijiazhuang city from 1952 to 2010. and supplemented the west side of the railway located in the south of 1984 old railway station. hub. In 1981, the southwest urban area was also The old station was stopped and transformed expanded to some extent, but on the whole, it into Shijiazhuang Railway Museum.