HUMANITARIAN HUMANITARIAN PROGRAMME CYCLE 2020 NEEDS OVERVIEW ISSUED DECEMBER 2019 SOMALIA 1 HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW 2020 About Get the latest updates This document is consolidated by OCHA on behalf of the Humanitarian Country OCHA coordinates humanitarian action to ensure Team and partners. It provides a shared understanding of the crisis, including the crisis-affected people receive the assistance and protection they need. It works to overcome obstacles most pressing humanitarian need and the estimated number of people who need that impede humanitarian assistance from reaching assistance. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps inform joint people affected by crises, and provides leadership in strategic response planning. mobilizing assistance and resources on behalf of the The designations employed and the presentation of material in the report do not humanitarian system. imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the www.unocha.org/somalia United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of twitter.com/OCHA_SOM its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. PHOTO ON COVER Photo: WHO/Fozia Bahati Humanitarian Response aims to be the central website for Information Management tools and services, enabling information exchange between clusters and IASC members operating within a protracted or sudden onset crisis. www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/ operations/somalia Humanitarian InSight supports decision-makers by giving them access to key humanitarian data. It provides the latest verified information on needs and delivery of the humanitarian response as well as financial contributions. www.hum-insight.info/plan/667 The Financial Tracking Service (FTS) is the primary provider of continuously updated data on global humanitarian funding, and is a major contributor to strategic decision making by highlighting gaps and priorities, thus contributing to effective, efficient and principled humanitarian assistance. fts.unocha.org/countries/206/ summary/2019 02 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 04 Summary of Humanitarian Needs 42 Part 3: Sectoral Analysis Camp Coordination and Camp Management 08 Part 1: Impact of the Crisis and Humanitarian Education Consequences Food Security Context of the Crisis Health Impact of the Crisis Nutrition Scope of Analysis Protection Humanitarian Consequences Shelter Severity of Needs Water, Sanitation & Hygiene People in Need 62 Part 4: Annexes 36 Part 2: Risk Analysis and Monitoring Data Sources of Situation and Needs Methodology Risk Analysis Needs Indicators Timeline of Events Information Gaps and Limitations Monitoring of Situation and Needs Acronyms End Notes 03 HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW 2020 Summary of Humanitarian Needs TOTAL POPULATION PEOPLE IN NEED DISPLACED IN NEED NON DISPLACED IN NEED 12.3M 5.2M 1.72M 3.47M Somalia's politics, security and development collectively create a lack of access to clean water and sanitation, is heightening the risk of complex environment, with much of the country's recent past marked outbreaks of water-borne diseases, especially where health services are by recurrent climatic shocks, armed conflict and violence. With most too few and/or too distant (23 per cent of non-displaced and 35 per cent Somalis dependent on agriculture, forestry and fisheries, climate change of IDPs do not have access to a health care facility). Inadequate access is a major concern, as disruptions to the weather lead to phenomena to water and sanitation is also one of the major factors leading children such as drought and flood, two common factors that drive humanitarian to abandon school. need in the country. Serious protection concerns and rights violations persist in Somalia, The humanitarian context in Somalia has remained fragile for a number putting civilian lives at risk, forcing many to flee, exposing them to of seasons; the impact of the prolonged 2016-17 drought is still being multiple risks while displaced, and impeding the effective implementation felt. Subsequent hurdles, including poor Deyr rains in 2018 (October- of durable solutions. Many of these protection concerns stem from December), an unusually hot dry Jilaal season in 2019 (December- negative and hazardous coping mechanisms applied by destitute and March), and abnormal, erratic rainfall during the same year's Gu rainy severely food insecure families. Examples include early marriage, family season (April-June). Even as this needs overview is being written, flash separation, voluntary child recruitment, child labour and hazardous flooding is currently affecting 540,000 people across Middle and Lower adult labour. Rights violations and abuses, such as gender-based Juba, Bay, Lower and Middle Shabelle, and Hiraan - of these, 370,000 have violence (GBV), including sexual violence, child recruitment, attacks already been displaced. Climatic shoks, combined with other persistent on civilian areas and infrastructures and forced displacement remain drivers of needs - such as armed conflict and/or displacement - have left pervasive features of the protection crisis in Somalia. Certain groups around five million Somalis in need of humanitarian assistance. and individuals such as women, children, people with disabilities, the elderly and members of marginalized communities are at particular risk According to the 2019 post-Gu assessment - conducted by FAO's Food of violence, exploitation, exclusion and discrimination. Vulnerability to Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU) - cereal production had sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) is heightened by limited access to declined by up to 70 per cent in southern Somalia during the 2019 reporting mechanisms for these groups and individuals, usually due to cropping season. The resulting shortfall is linked to the abnormally high social exclusion and marginalization. market price of sorghum throughout the season. The situation is likely to worsen in conflict-affected areas where people are displaced or facing In addition to clan-based violence, the conflict between government illegal taxation, reducing any incentive for agricultural production. The forces, their allies and non-state armed groups continues to endanger the results indicate that, in the absence of humanitarian assistance, up to safety of people in need and is a key driver for displacement. Furthermore, 2.1 million people across Somalia face severe hunger through December drought-induced population displacement has been on the rise. In July, the 2019, bringing the total number of Somalis expected to be food insecure number of people reporting drought as the cause for displacement more by year's end to 6.3 million. than doubled (as compared to June), adding to the 2.6 million current IDPs, who continue to face serious risks of eviction, marginalization Huge food and nutrition gaps remain in poor, agro-pastoral, marginalized and exlusion across Somalia. Risks of exclusion and discrimination and displaced communities where many vulnerable people have been are differential and intersectional, based on societal discrimination, pushed into the most severe food and nutrition insecurity phases. While gender power structures, vulnerability, and age. People with disabilities the number of people in need of nutrition-related assistance is higher are at heightened risk of violence and abuse and experience significant among non-IDPs, the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) barriers to access humanitarian aid, with pre-existing social stigmata among children is increasing, especially among IDPs, with preliminary exacerbated. Somalia’s societal structure is highly complex, comprised of results indicating that 10 out of the 33 population groups surveyed numerous social groups, clans, sub-clans and ethnic minority groups that had critical levels of acute malnutrition (i.e. global acute malnutrition are not members of any specific clan. Weak local institutions, divisions exceeding 15 per cent). Without a response, it is estimated that one and constantly evolving relations among these groups, which are also million children will be acutely malnourished, including 180,000 children influenced by the involvement of non-state armed actors, are some of the with SAM, between July 2019 and June 2020. This, coupled with a serious 04 SUMMARY OF HUMANITARIAN NEEDS Severity of Needs MINIMAL STRESS SEVERE EXTREME CATASTROPHIC 8% 45% 33% 14% 0% most prevalent societal conditions, and represent a key driver of the inter- receiving aid depend on others for their survival. SEA of crisis-affected community conflicts that contribute to the vulnerability of the various people committed by actors who provide aid constitutes the most groups. serious breach of accountability by the humanitarian sector. Displacement can aggravate existing inequalities due to the loss Shelter and non-food item (NFI) needs are also very high, especially in of livelihoods; this introduces new dimensions of marginalization IDP sites where many IDP households live in makeshift shelters. These and exclusion. Marginalized communities face discrimination and makeshift shelters do not provide adequate privacy and protection exclusion from social support structures, as well as services and against weather elements. Lack of tenure security, random evictions assistance provided by aid agencies. Women, youth, and marginalized and fire incidents further exacerbate the shelter needs of IDPs. About communities are all denied participation in decision-making