FILHOS DE IMPÉRIO E PÓS-MEMÓRIAS EUROPEIAS CHILDREN OF EMPIRES AND EUROPEAN POSTMEMORIES ENFANTS D’EMPIRES ET POSTMÉMOIRES EUROPÉENNES Saturday, 14 September 2019 ... | ... | ... (courtesy of the artist) Kanimambo | 1998 | Ângela Ferreira (courtesy of the artist) WAITING FOR THE 1 NEXT FUTURE Margarida Calafate Ribeiro An inaptly christened “return of the colonial past” has emerged in the last few years in Europe and in Portugal. In Portugal this is a past that has been more or less silenced since decolonization and the revolutionary period of 1974-75 with its movements of people, including the so-called ‘return’ of settlers, officials and military personnel from the former African colonies. That was the end of an era for Portugal and the beginning of another. Afterwards, apart from novels that narrated the realities of the Colonial War, silence was the watchword of the 1980s and 1990s regarding this recent Portuguese past. memoirs.ces.uc.pt WAITING FOR THE NEXT FUTURE What we are seeing now is, though, not really the return of the colonial past, but the beginning of a debate between the time of colonial domination and contemporary social relations in societies that have inherited these colonial pasts in Europe. Whether these debates are about a continued European colonial outlook, about public recognition of the memory of slavery and colonialism, about ethnic and racial discrimination, about the place of religion, about Islam in Europe or the contours of secularism, or about the drama of refugees in the Mediterranean, it is always the freight of Portuguese and European colonial history that is measured, probed, and assessed. These debates are instigated by generations who are the heirs of Europe’s colonial past. They may not have their own memory of the colonial period that they did not live through, but today it is their voices who are prominent. In Portugal these heirs are the children of the 1990s and of Expo 1998, which took place in Lisbon from 22 May to 30 September of that year. Expo 1998 spoke both to Portugal and to the wider world. It was responsible for the redevelopment of a large part of eastern Lisbon, today a middle-class, service and entertainment district whose urban landscape is full of references to the great navigators and to overseas territories. With its universalist mythology based on the wealth of the oceans and anchored in Portuguese maritime adventurism, the Expo had a huge impact due to its sheer scale. In Lisbon its curation and its cosmopolitanism inaugurated a new era of projects led by the National Commission for the Commemorations of the Portuguese Discoveries captured by the motto that bedecked Expo 98: “the oceans, a heritage for the future”. It is obvious today that these were the early moments of Portuguese postcolonialism. We were confronted with an inability to transform the narrative with which we ourselves had marked the history of the world. We were surprised that the former Portuguese 2 colonies Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tomé and Principe, Cape Verde and Goa did not enthusiastically join in with proposals to commemorate the “Discoveries”. These began in 1998 with the celebration of the discovery of the maritime route to India by the same National Commission. At precisely the moment when Portugal and the West wanted to commemorate the Portuguese arrival in India celebrated by Luís de Camões in Os Lusíadas, Indians themselves intervened with historiographical sources such as Sanjay Subrahmanyam’s The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, and other competing versions of this moment of arrival. Portugal also wanted to celebrate its appearance along the African coast, though there was not much to celebrate, and to commemorate Pedro Álvares Cabral as well as the fifth centenary of Colombus’ discovery of America. As Eduardo Lourenço noted, though, the Americas wanted to “kill Colombo”, not only on behalf of those exterminated after he arrived, but also for those forced by Columbus’s adventure to move from Africa to America and from Europe to the New memoirs.ces.uc.pt WAITING FOR THE NEXT FUTURE World. Lourenço warned in “The Death of Columbus,” that this was not the end of history, but a change in the order of history. This was the end of the West as myth, that is, its end as the light of the world it thought it was when it arrived at Porto Seguro in Brazil (1). This moment marked the emergence of other narratives which centered upon and were articulated by other ethnic and cultural subjects who were keepers of other archives and memories of an apparently common history. This was the beginning of the “re-dis-covering” of what one-sided celebrations of the “Discoveries” had long left hidden. In the heat of the revolutionary moment after April 25, 1974 Portugal renamed the “Bairro das Colónias” in Lisbon after the newly independent countries and their leaders. But that same country later fell into a cycle of bewilderment and historiographical and narrative shock. The conception of the Lisbon Expo was inspired by the Universal Exposition of Seville in 1992. In spite of the narrative that the Expo was a celebration of the transformation that the Portuguese travels wrought upon Europe and the world, and despite the scale of its innovation and impact, the Expo simultaneously laid bare the crisis of narrative intrinsic to our post-colonial era; a crisis which would become successively more and more visible in Portugal and Europe. Angela Ferreira, a Mozambican-born artist who pioneered the interrogation of colonialism and its inheritances, made a telling intervention. She inscribed on the Portuguese pavement of the Expo the title of her work “Kanimambo”, “thank you” in Changana, a language from the southern Mozambique. The siting of the work inscribes gratitude to those who built the Expo from below: the many African workers who with their bodies, their cultures and their music brought to the Expo and to Lisbon an unsettling and differentiated form of cosmopolitanism invisible to the official Commemorations of the Discoveries. 3 The central tenet of the National Commission’s work, with some notable exhibitions, continued to be the publication of extensive, foundational studies, but it also supported innovative research. The five volumes of the History of Portuguese Expansion organized by Francisco Bethencourt and Kirti Chaudhuri instigated a revolution in Portuguese historiography of expansion, colonization and decolonization, and fresh reflection on the memories of empire and their integration into European history. Some pioneering television broadcasts and publications also began to emerge addressing the Colonial War. The Assembly of the Republic approved the status of a former combatant with post-traumatic stress. At Portuguese universities there was a consolidation of studies of Lusophone African literatures, not only from the standpoint of their anti-colonial and militant aspects, but as autonomous literary systems existing in relation to Portuguese and Brazilian literatures as well as other literatures of the African continent. memoirs.ces.uc.pt WAITING FOR THE NEXT FUTURE However, Portugal was simultaneously developing the “Entre Culturas” curriculum and the Coordinating Secretariat for Multicultural Education Programmes, whose preface shockingly repurposed the rhetoric of ‘encounter’ that the Estado Novo and Lusotropicalism had developed (2). In the 1990s, books were published which, through fiction, confronted the pains and ghosts of the African question beyond the memories of the Colonial War. Notable among these were Helder Macedo’s pioneering Partes de África (1991), and O Esplendor de Portugal (1997) by António Lobo Antunes. At the beginning of the millennium, academic studies also began to address the Portuguese postcolonial issue. Eduardo Lourenço’s reflections on Portugal and Europe and on Portugal and its empire were initially published in diverse places but have now been brought together in the collection Do Colonialismo Como o Nosso Impensado [Of Colonialism as Our Unthought] (2014). Based on his work on the semi-peripheral condition of Portugal after laid out in Pela Mão de Alice, Boaventura de Sousa Santos wrote, in dialogue with Lourenço, “As Onze Teses por ocasião de mais uma descoberta de Portugal” [Eleven Theses for another discovery of Portugal] (1990) and later, the important “Between Prospero and Caliban: Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and Inter-identity” (2002). These helped trigger new insights in various parts of postcolonial studies. Around the same time Ana Paula Ferreira and I organized the volume of essays Fantasmas e Fantasias Imperiais no Imaginário Português Contemporâneo (2003) an inaugural interdisciplinary reflection on the ongoing presence of empire in contemporary Portugal. Beyond Portugal, under the remit of Portuguese Studies, many pioneering studies emerged, including those of Roberto Vecchi, Paulo de Medeiros, Ana Paula Ferreira, Ellen Sapega, Hilary Owen, AbdoolKarim Vakil, Phillip Rothwell, Patrick Chabal and others. In Portugal we should note the work of Innocência Mata, Maria Paula Meneses, Miguel Vale de Almeida, Cristiana Bastos and Manuela Ribeiro Sanches, as well as the pioneering research and pedagogy of the 4 Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra and its PhD programme ​​“Post-Colonialism and Global Citizenship” (2004) and CHAM (the Center of Humanities) and the Institute of Contemporary History, both at the New University of Lisbon. In the music scene, centered on Lisbon, different voices and rhythms began to be heard. Rogério de Carvalho asserted his position as a black Portuguese director. The distribution of African films in Portuguese expanded in Portugal, for instance those of Ângela Ferreira and Ana Vidigal (3) whose pioneering works about the Portuguese colonial past left the critics more or less mute and were still seen as “unclassifiable”. It was a period oscillating between grief and trauma, silence and crisis, and like all beginnings, it was faltering. It vacillated between a mythology with deep lusotropical roots in Portuguese society on the one hand and, on the other, the opening up of a comparative and cosmopolitan critique of the Portuguese colonial past and the way it ended.