Headquarters, Department of the Army Prepared by Lieutenant General U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Volume LXXXIII — March-April 2003, No. 2 James C. Riley www.cgsc.army.mil/MilRev Commandant, USACGSC [email protected] Professional Bulletin 100-03-3/4 Brigadier General CONTENTS James T. Hirai Deputy Commandant, USACGSC 2 Force Projection Military Review Staff Colonel Melanie R. Reeder 3 Reach: Leveraging Time and Distance Editor in Chief Brigadier General John M. Custer, U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel George F. Chandler, Jr. Managing Editor 12 Putting Knowledge Reachback into Practice Scott W. Lackey, Ph.D., © 2003 Major Richard D. Procell Editor, Latin American Editions 24 Winning War a World Away Vaughn Neeld Colonel Jerry Johnson, U.S. Army, and G. Roger Corey Lieutenant Colonel James O. Kievit, U.S. Army, Retired Editors Nancy Mazzia Books and Features Editor 32 Civilian and Military Cooperation in D. M. Giangreco Complex Humanitarian Operations Design Editor Sarah E. Archer, DrPH, RN Charles A. Martinson III Art and Design Winona E. Stroble 42 Military Commissions, Past and Future Webmaster Lieutenant Colonel Jody Prescott, U.S. Army, and Patricia L. Wilson Major Joanne Eldridge, U.S. Army Secretary Consulting Editors 52 The Palestinian-Israeli Cyberwar Colonel Osmario Zan Colonel Patrick D. Allen, U.S. Army Reserve, and Brazilian Army, Brazilian Edition Lieutenant Colonel Chris Demchak, U.S. Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel Ruben Palomeque Argentine Army, Hispano-American Edition Lieutenant Colonel Alejandro Arancibia Chilean Army, Hispano-American Edition 60 Officership By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Eric K. Shinseki 61 Understanding Professional Expertise General, United States Army Chief of Staff and Jurisdiction Lieutenant Colonel Richard A. Lacquement, Jr., U.S. Army Official: Officership: Character, Leadership, JOEL B. HUDSON 66 Administrative Assistant to the and Ethical Decisionmaking Secretary of the Army 0308001 Major Charles A. Pfaff, U.S. Army Military Review’s mission is to provide a forum for the open exchange of ideas on military affairs; to focus on concepts, doctrine, and warfighting at the tactical and operational levels of war; and to support 72 Leadership: More Than the education, training, doctrine development, and integration missions of the Combined Arms Center Mission Accomplishment and Command and General Staff College (CGSC). Colonel Peter J. Varljen, U.S. Army Military Review presents professional information, but the views expressed herein are those of the authors, not the Department of Defense or its elements. The content does not necessarily reflect the official U.S. Insights Army position and does not change or supersede any information in other official U.S. Army publications. 82 Precision Launch Rocket System: Authors are responsible for the accuracy and source A Proposal for the Future of the Field Artillery documentation of material they provide. Military Review reserves the right to edit material. Basis of official Major Michael J. Forsyth, U.S. Army distribution is one per 10 officers for major commands, corps, divisions, major staff agencies, garrison Almanac commands, Army schools, Reserve commands, and Cadet Command organizations; one per 25 officers 84 “Come As You Are” Warfare: The Bataan Example for medical commands, hospitals, and units; and one per five officers for Active and Reserve brigades Major James Albrecht, U.S. Air Force; Major Joseph Edwards, and battalions, based on assigned field grade officer U.S. Army; and Major Terrence Popravak, U.S. Air Force strength. Military Review is available on microfilm from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, and is indexed by the Public Affairs Information Service Review Essay Bulletin. 89 Algerian Defense Minister Military Review, The Professional Bulletin of the United States Army (US ISSN 0026-4148) (USPS 123-830) is General Khalid Nezzar: Memoirs published bimonthly by the U.S. Army, CGSC, Fort Lieutennant Commander Youssef H. Aboul-Enein, U.S. Navy Leavenworth, KS 66027-1254. Paid subscriptions are available through the Superintendent of Documents for $32 US/APO/FPO and $44.80 foreign addresses per 91 Book Reviews contemporary readings for the professional year. Periodical postage paid at Leavenworth, KS, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Superintendent of Documents, PO 95 Letters to the Editor Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. From the Editor In this issue Military Review examines several issues. One is force projection— the ability to project combat power into a theater of operations to meet military re­ quirements. Military Review also continues its series on officership. Plus, the journal presents a potpourri of articles on subjects ranging from law to cybercombat. Force projection is one of four strategic concepts that support the two national military strategies to promote peace and stability and to defeat adversaries when necessary. Force projection is the military element of national power that systematically and rapidly moves military forces in response to requirements of war or stability and support operations. “Winning War a World Away” reports on the Objective Force’s vital, successful role in Vigilant Warriors ‘02, the third Army Transformation wargame, sited in the Caspian region. Increasingly essential to successful force projection is reachback. Reachback is the practice of using communications technology to tap into the array of information resources found at higher headquarters and emerging knowledge centers in the continental United States or other locales to support operations in far away theaters. “Putting Reachback into Practice” discusses how the Army’s Center for Army Lessons Learned is doing just that to support forces in Afghanistan and Iraq. “Reach: Leveraging Time and Distance” examines the Army’s growing use of reachback and points out the challenges to successful reachback operations. Three independent articles address a number of wide-ranging topics. “Military Commissions, Past and Future” provides a historical context for U.S. use of military commissions. “Civilian and Military Cooperation in Complex Humanitarian Operations” discusses the intricate cooperation demanded in humanitarian operations. “The Palestinian-Israeli Cyberwar” relates how cyberwar might affect the United States. Continuing the series on officership, “Understanding Professional Expertise and Jurisdiction” defines what constitutes the Army officer’s professional jurisdiction, his sphere of expertise and knowledge. “Officership: Character, Leadership, and Ethical Decisionmaking” examines the character issues of being an Army officer. “Leadership: More Than Mission Accomplishment” argues that to improve the Army’s leader development program, the officer evaluation report needs to focus less on an officer’s quantifiable achievements and more on leadership’s intangible results. Rounding out this issue are the Insights and Almanac articles, plus a Book Review Essay. “Precision Launch Rocket System” argues the value of precision munitions and the need for a precision-launch rocket system that lends itself to strategic airmobility. “‘Come As You Are’ Warfare” examines the Bataan experience to make the point that deployed forces might have to fight without benefit of extensive preparation. “Understanding the Tactics of the Algerian War of Independence” reviews Battle Stories, General Khalid Nezzar’s memoir, published in Arabic, of the Algerian War of Independence that lasted from 1954 to 1962. MRR Give me a lever long enough and a place phisticated computer network attacks casts a differ­ to sit my fulcrum and I can move the world. ent light on a concept that relies on and derives its —Archimedes value from the virtual environment. Still, information technology that enables forces outside the theater EACH, reachback, split-based operations, to affect a tactical situation is appealing. R sanctuary, knowledge center; this seemingly The next century will prove the veracity of the endless lexicon adds nothing to the Army’s knowl­ many pronouncements that reachback already edge nor lends any credibility to the widely accepted seems trite. Information and technology are ubiqui­ but still nascent concept of reach. Seldom has an tous. Time and distance are irrelevant. Here and idea been so wholeheartedly embraced, so roundly advocated, yet so little understood or unimplemented. Yet, everyone firmly agrees that all future Army op­ Simplicity remains a principle of erations will incorporate multilevel, multifunction war, especially in reach discussions that revolve reach operations. I do not seek to disprove the util­ around broadband connectivity and simultane­ ity of the reach concept; the intelligence community ous operations by multiple large staffs at numer­ has organized itself around the concept for more than ous geographically dispersed multiechelon a decade and has proven its feasibility. However, to headquarters. The sole doctrinal definition for believe the doctrine is universal in its applicability reach appears in Field Manual 2-33.5/ST, without regard for some basic rules is folly. Intelligence Reach Operations. The allure of reach is almost hypnotic. What other concept promises to be both an economy of force there simply do not exist in a virtual environment. measure and a force multiplier? For the foreseeable Automation empowers individuals and small groups future, the United States will remain a power-pro­ to the detriment of organizations. Telephony