Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Discourse Research In The Multitude of Approaches An Academic Journey of Anton Suratno Faculty of Language And Arts Soegijapranata Catholic University ©Soegijapranata Catholic University 2020 All rights reserved. Reproduction or transfer of part or all of the contents in this book in any form, electronically or mechanically, is not permitted, including photocopying, recording or with other storage systems, without written permission from the Author and Publisher. Cover Design : Bayu Widiantoro Layout : Ignatius Eko Publisher: Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Anggota APPTI No. 003.072.1.1.2019 Jl. Pawiyatan Luhur IV/1 Bendan Duwur Semarang 50234 Telpon (024)8441555 ext. 1409 Website : www.unika.ac.id Email Penerbit : [email protected] [ii] I would like to express my special gratitude to Professor Ridwan Sanjaya (The Rector of Soegijapranata Catholic University) as well as the former Rector (Prof Budi Widianarko) who encouraged me to take the golden opportunity in my academic career to write books on the topic of my expertise (Discourse Analysis). Secondly, I would also like to thank my friend Dr. Ekawati Marhaenny Dhukut, M. Hum and Ignatius Eko who helped me a lot in finalizing this book within a relatively limited time frame. I cannot express enough thanks to my colleague lecturers for their continued support and encouragement: Dr. Angelika Riyandari; Dr. Heny Hartono; and other lecturers. I offer my sincere appreciation for their tireless support and motivation to make this book into existence. The completion of this book could not have been accomplished without the support of a few lecturers and students who were involved in making the research reports available for this publication. Thanks to my parents in heaven who I believe keep on guiding me in my career journey. The countless times you kept caring for your children during our hectic youth will not be forgotten. [iii] Finally, to my caring, loving, and supportive wife Rini Heriwati, my two daughters Bernie and Patricia. Your encouragement when the times got rough is much appreciated and duly noted. It was a great comfort and relief to know that you manage your lives despite less and less time available for you while I completed my work. My heartfelt thanks. God Bless us all. Antonius Suratno Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Language and Arts Soegijapranata Catholic University [iv] DISCOURSE RESEARCH IN THE MULTITUDE OF APPROACHES is a book written by Antonius Suratno who has been teaching Discourse Analysis in the English Department ever since the Faculty of Language and Arts at Soegijapranata Catholic University was established in 1998. Teaching for over twenty years has made Sir Anton a master in Discourse Research. This mastery is even more proclaimed when he graduated his Doctorate Degree from Newcastle University in the UK with a dissertation on "Metadiscursive Interaction in Research Articles: A Case of Indonesian Scholars Writing in Bahasa Indonesia and English” in 2012. This book is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces readers to Social Functional Linguistics as an approach to analyzing Discourse. Sir Anton had intelligently put his thoughts in using Discourse Research for his arguments in making a contrastive analysis of an interactional metadiscourse and articles written in English as compared to the Indonesian language. Having used his academic papers during his doctoral study makes this book interesting as his genuine thoughts and concern in Discourse Analysis becomes a good example for his students and readers who take interest in his study to follow. His following chapters are also equally valuable for students who want to learn how to use Discourse Analysis in their academic work. Chapter 2 is focused on Electronic Corpus Analysis. Making use of a hedging strategy to discuss non-science student's theses and of [v] articles from an Economics journal becomes a commendable showcase in applying a corpus analysis. The next chapter, i.e. chapter 3 showed how to employ Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze the 1955's speech of late President Soekarno and Bali nine news from Suara Merdeka. Meanwhile, chapter 4 which dealt with a Conversational Analysis of the pedagogical reflexivity of the interactional organizations of English classes and text-based vs sound-based CMC; and chapter 5, which gave other kinds of approaches to deal with love metaphor English and Indonesian poems, in addition to spoken and written features of personal blogs - are equally valuable for readers who are eager to use Discourse Research fruitfully. If readers are looking for a book that springs from a down to earth discourse researcher, then this book by Sir Anton would be recommended to read and to make as reference! Congrats for the book! Dr. Ekawati Marhaenny Dhukut, M. Hum The Chief Editor of CELT Journal and Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Language and Arts Soegijapranata Catholic University [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] [x] [xi] Table 1. 1. IMD taxonomy (Crismore, et al., 1993) .......................... 23 Table 1. 2. Cross-tabulation of BI and Eng IMD ............................... 26 Table 1. 3. Frequency of IMD elements in BI vs. Eng ....................... 27 Table 1. 4. The self-mentions contrasted ........................................ 54 Table 1. 5. Singular and plural cases of self-mentions in BI and Eng 55 Table 1. 6. Frequency of verbs co-occurrence in BI RAs .................. 58 Table 1. 7. Frequency of verbs co-occurrence in Eng RAs ............... 58 Table 1.8. Frequency of words co-occurring with possessive pronouns in BI RAs ........................................................................ 59 Table 1.9. Frequency of words co-occurring with possessive pronouns in Eng RAs ..................................................................... 60 Table 2. 1. Four categories of hedges ............................................... 87 Table 2. 2. The summary of the hedges devices ............................... 88 Table 2. 3. Distribution of lexical frequency ...................................... 90 Table 2. 4. The frequency of modal use .......................................... 111 Table 4. 1.Data sampling information ............................................. 181 Table 4. 2. Features of two modes of CMC ..................................... 214 Table 5. 1. Mapping .......................................................................... 222 [xii] Graph 1. 1. Contrast between BI and Eng RAs ............................... 24 Graph 1. 2. Contrast between BI and Eng in each element ............. 25 Graph 1. 3. Contrast between BI and Eng RAs ............................... 26 Graph 1. 4. Frequency of IMD individual device in BI and Eng RAs. 28 Graph 1. 5. The total frequency of self-mentions in two corpora.... 56 Graph 1. 6. Comparison of the total case frequency of disciplinary self-mentions .............................................................. 57 Graph 1. 7. Distribution of self-mentions cases across disciplines... 57 Graph 2. 1. The predominant use of dapat (can) .............................. 88 Graph 2. 2. Epistemic lexical verbs .................................................... 89 Graph 2. 3. Epistemic adjectives and adverbs .................................. 90 Graph 2. 4. Predominant modal auxiliary.......................................... 92 Graph 5. 1. See the coded reference in appendix 1 ....................... 257 Graph 5. 2. See the coded reference in appendix 2 ....................... 259 Graph 5. 3. See the coded reference in appendix 3 ....................... 260 [xiii] Figure 1. The family tree illustrates the multitude of approaches. ... 9 Figure 1. 1. Degree of explicit persuasion in the metadiscourse continuum (Dafouz-Milne, 2008, p.33) ............................................. 21 [xiv] | 1 Discourse is defined differently in different fields of studies. Discourse, at the macro conceptual level, is seen as the general domain of all statements in the form of spoken or written texts that have meaning and effect in the real world. In general, discourse is seen as a matter of conversation in a particular topic that occurs in society. In a more scientific domain, Michael Stubbs (1983) states that something is called a discourse if it has the characteristics of (a) attention to the use of language that is greater than sentences or utterances, (b) focus on the relationship between society and language, (c) concern with dialogical interactive tools of daily communication (in Slembrouck, 2006: 1-5). In the linguistic realm, discourse is understood as a linguistic unit that is greater than words or sentences that can involve one or more people. In this particular area, Crystal and Cook define it as language units that are larger than sentences that have coherent meanings, specific goals, as well as contexts (in Nunan, 1993: 5). This means that discourse can be interpreted as an object or idea that is openly discussed to the public both verbally and in writing. Discourse is a complete linguistic record of communication events, both oral and written and is seen as a series of interrelated sentences and form making up of a meaning unity. 2 | The term discourse analysis was first introduced by Harris in 1952 who initiated an examination of the rules of language and explaining how sentences in a text are linked by a kind of extended grammar (Cook, 1989: 13), and at that time Harris was widely opposed by American linguists who agreed with Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, and Bloomfield.