Appellate Case: 14-1290 Document: 01019423108 Date Filed: 04/29/2015 Page: 1 No. 14-1290, 14-1292 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ COLORADO OUTFITTERS ASSOCIATION, et al., Plaintiffs- Appellants, v. JOHN W. HICKENLOOPER, Governor of the State of Colorado, Defendant- Appellee. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ JIM BEICKER, Sheriff of Fremont County, et al., Plaintiffs- Appellants, v. JOHN W. HICKENLOOPER, Governor of the State of Colorado, Defendant- Appellee. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (No. 1:13-cv-01300) (Krieger, J.) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE EVERYTOWN FOR GUN SAFETY IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANT-APPELLEE AND AFFIRMANCE ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PETER C. CANFIELD GREGORY A. CASTANIAS JONES DAY SPARKLE L. SOOKNANAN 1420 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 800 JONES DAY Atlanta, Georgia 30309 51 Louisiana Ave. N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Telephone: (202) 879-3435 Email: [email protected] Counsel for Amicus Curiae Appellate Case: 14-1290 Document: 01019423108 Date Filed: 04/29/2015 Page: 2 DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Pursuant to Rule 26.1 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, Everytown for Gun Safety discloses that it has no parent corporations and is a nonprofit entity that issues no stock. Accordingly, no publicly held corporation owns 10% or more of its stock. /s/ Sparkle L. Sooknanan SPARKLE L. SOOKNANAN JONES DAY 51 Louisiana Ave. N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Telephone: (202) 879-3435 Email: [email protected] Counsel for Amicus Curiae i Appellate Case: 14-1290 Document: 01019423108 Date Filed: 04/29/2015 Page: 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DISCLOSURE STATEMENT .................................................................................. i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................... iii INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ............................................................................1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 ARGUMENT .............................................................................................................3 COLORADO’S BACKGROUND CHECK REQUIREMENTS DO NOT BURDEN CONDUCT PROTECTED BY THE SECOND AMENDMENT, AND WOULD PASS CONSTITUTIONAL MUSTER EVEN IF THEY DID .................................. 3 I. COLORADO’S EXPANDED BACKGROUND CHECK REQUIREMENTS ARE LONGSTANDING, PRESUMPTIVELY LAWFUL REGULATIONS THAT DO NOT VIOLATE THE SECOND AMENDMENT ........................ 4 II. BACKGROUND CHECKS ARE PROVEN AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR REDUCING FIREARM VIOLENCE AND SAVING LIVES, AND ARE NOT UNDULY BURDENSOME ........................................................13 A. Requiring bakcground checks on all firearm transfers closes a significant loophold in federal law and provides law enforcement with a valuable crime-fighting tool .............................................................14 B. Substantial evidence demonstrates that requiring background checks for transfers by unlicensed persons is effective in reducing gun violence and firearm crime ..................................................................20 C. Colorado’s expanded background check requirements are already providing public safety benefits without imposing meaningful burdens on gun buyers or unlicensed sellers ....................................................24 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................30 ATTACHMENT A ..................................................................................................33 ii Appellate Case: 14-1290 Document: 01019423108 Date Filed: 04/29/2015 Page: 4 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page(s) CASES District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) .....................................................................................passim Drake v. Filko, 724 F.3d 426 (3d Cir. 2013) ................................................................................. 8 Fyock v. Sunnyvale, 779 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. 2015) ................................................................................ 8 Heller v. District of Columbia, 670 F.3d 1244 (D.C. Cir. 2011) ............................................................................ 5 NRA of Am. v. Bureau of Alcohol, 700 F.3d 185 (5th Cir. 2012) ................................................................................ 5 Peterson v. Martinez, 707 F.3d 1197 (10th Cir. 2013) ...................................................................... 5, 13 United States v. Bena, 664 F.3d 1180 (8th Cir. 2011) .............................................................................. 8 United States v. Booker, 644 F.3d 12 (1st Cir. 2011) ................................................................................... 8 United States v. Huitron-Guizar, 678 F.3d 1164 (10th Cir. 2012) ...................................................................... 4, 13 United States v. Marzzarella, 614 F.3d 85 (3d Cir. 2010) ................................................................................... 5 United States v. Reese, 627 F.3d 792 (10th Cir. 2010) .................................................................. 3, 13, 14 iii Appellate Case: 14-1290 Document: 01019423108 Date Filed: 04/29/2015 Page: 5 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES (continued) Page(s) United States v. Rene E., 583 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 2009) ..................................................................................... 5 United States v. Skoien, 614 F.3d 638 (7th Cir. 2010) ................................................................................ 8 STATUTES § 18-12-112 of the Colorado Statutes ...............................................................passim 18 U.S.C. § 922(d), (g)............................................................................................. 15 47 Stat. 650 (1932) ................................................................................................... 11 1911 Colo. Sess. Laws 408 ........................................................................................ 7 1911 N.Y. Laws 442 .................................................................................................. 7 1913 Or. Laws 497 ......................................................................................... 7, 11, 12 1918 Mont. Laws 6 .................................................................................................... 7 1919 N.C. Sess. Laws 397 ................................................................................... 8, 12 1921 Mo. Laws 691 ............................................................................................. 8, 12 1923 Ark. Acts 379 .................................................................................................... 8 1923 Cal. Stat. 695 ............................................................................................... 8, 10 1923 Conn. Pub. Acts 3707 ..................................................................................... 10 1923 N.D. Laws 379 ...................................................................................... 8, 10, 12 1923 N.H. Laws 138 .......................................................................................... 10, 12 1925 Ark. Acts 1047 .................................................................................................. 8 iv Appellate Case: 14-1290 Document: 01019423108 Date Filed: 04/29/2015 Page: 6 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES (continued) Page(s) 1925 Haw. Sess. Laws 790 ...................................................................................... 10 1925 Ind. Acts 495 ............................................................................................. 10, 12 1925 Mich. Pub. Acts 473 ........................................................................................ 12 1925 Or. Laws 468 ................................................................................................... 10 1927 Haw. Sess. Laws 209 ...................................................................................... 12 1927 Mass. Acts 413 ................................................................................................ 10 1927 Mich. Pub. Acts 887 .................................................................................. 10, 12 1927 N.J. Laws 742.................................................................................................. 10 1931 Pa. Laws 497 ............................................................................................. 11, 12 1931 Tex. Gen. Laws 447 .......................................................................................