FREE LONDINIUM: THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT ROMAN CITY THAT BECAME LONDON PDF Charles River Editors | 48 pages | 23 Apr 2015 | Createspace | 9781511855679 | English | United States Era by Era Timeline of Ancient Roman History Preceding the period of the Roman kingsduring the Bronze AgeGreek cultures came into contact with Italic ones. By the Iron Age, there were huts in Rome; Etruscans were extending their civilization into Campania; Greek cities had sent colonists to the Italic Peninsula. Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London Roman history Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London for more than a millennium, during which the government changed substantially from kings to Republic to Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London. This timeline shows these major divisions over time and the defining features of each, with links to further timelines showing the key events in each period. The central period of Roman history runs from about the second century B. In the legendary period, there were 7 kings of Rome, some Roman, but others Sabine or Etruscan. Not only did the cultures mingle, but they started to compete for territory and alliances. Rome expanded, extending to about square miles during this period, but the Romans didn't care for their monarchs and got rid of them. The Roman Republic began after the Romans deposed their last king, in about B. This Republican period lasted about years. After about B. The early period of the Roman Republic was all about expanding and building Rome into a world power to be reckoned with. The early period ended with the start of the Punic Wars. The Late Republican Period continues Rome's expansion, but it's easy -- with hindsight -- to see it as a downward spiral. Instead of the great sense of patriotism and working together for the good of the republic that was celebrated in the legendary heroes, individuals began to gather power and use it to their advantage. While the Gracchi may have had the interests of the lower classes in mind, their reforms were divisive: It's hard to rob Paul to pay Peter without bloodshed. Marius reformed the army, but between him and his enemy Sullathere was a bloodbath in Rome. A relative by marriage of Marius, Julius Caesar created civil war in Rome. While he was dictator, a conspiracy of his fellow consuls assassinated him, putting an end to the Late Republican Period. The Principate is the first part of the Imperial Period. Augustus was first among equals or princeps. We call him Rome's first emperor. The second part of the Imperial Period is known as the Dominate. By that time, there was no pretense that the princeps were equal. During the time of the first imperial dynasty the Julio-ClaudiansJesus was crucified, Caligula lived licentiously, Claudius died of a poison mushroom at the hand of his wife, supposedly, and was succeeded by her son, a would-be performer, Nero, who committed assisted-suicide to avoid being murdered. The next dynasty was the Flavian, associated with destruction in Jerusalem. Under Trajan, the Roman Empire reached its greatest expanse. After him came the wall-builder Hadrian and the philosopher-king Marcus Aurelius. Problems Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London administering so large an empire led to the next stage. When Diocletian came to power, the Roman Empire was already too big for one emperor to handle. Diocletian started the tetrarchy or system of 4 rulers, two subordinates Caesars and two full-fledged emperors Augusti. The Roman Empire was split between an eastern and a western section. It was during the Dominate that Christianity went from a persecuted sect to the national religion. During the Dominate, barbarians attacked Rome and the Roman Empire. The city of Rome was sacked, but by that time, the capital of the Empire was no longer in the city. Constantinople was the eastern capital, so when the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustuluswas deposed, there was still a Roman Empire, but it was headquartered in the East. The next phase was the Byzantine Empire, which lasted until when the Turks sacked Constantinople. Share Flipboard Email. Ancient History and Latin Expert. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. Updated October 14, ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. Roman Fonts Actually Came From Ancient Rome Rome is the capital city of Italy, the home of the Vatican and the Papacy, and was once the center of a vast, ancient empire. It remains a cultural and historical focus within Europe. Legend says Rome was founded by Romulus in B. E, but the origins probably predate this, from a time when the settlement was one of many on the Latium Plain. Rome developed where a salt trade route crossed the river Tiber en route to the coast, near the seven hills the Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London is said to be built on. The kings were replaced with a republic which lasted for five centuries and saw Roman dominion expand across the surrounding Mediterranean. Rome was the hub of this empire, and its rulers became Emperors after the reign of Augustus, who died in 14 C. Expansion continued until Rome ruled much of western and southern Europe, north Africa, and parts of the Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London East. As such, Rome became the focal point of a rich and opulent culture where vast sums were spent on buildings. The city swelled to contain perhaps a million people who were dependent on grain imports and aqueducts for water. This period ensured Rome would feature in the retelling of history for millennia. Emperor Constantine instituted two changes which affected Rome in the fourth century. Firstly, he converted to Christianity and began building works dedicated to his new god, changing the form and function of the city and laying the foundations for a second life once the empire vanished. Secondly, he built a new imperial capital, Constantinople, in Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London east, from where Roman rulers would increasingly run just the eastern half of the empire. Indeed, after Constantine no emperor made Rome a permanent home, and as the western empire declined in size, so did the city. Yet inwhen Alaric and the Goths sacked Romeit still sent shocks across the ancient world. But for a century Rome declined, passing between warring parties including Lombards and Byzantines Eastern Romansthe latter trying to reconquer the west and continue the Roman empire: the draw of the homeland was strong, even though the eastern empire had been changing in different ways for so long. Then arose the medieval papacy and a reshaping of western Christianity around the pope in Rome, initiated by Gregory the Great in the sixth century. As Christian rulers emerged from across Europe, so the power of the pope and the importance of Rome grew, especially for pilgrimages. As the wealth of the popes grew, Rome became center of a grouping of estates, cities, and lands known as the Papal States. Rebuilding was funded by the popes, cardinals and other wealthy church officials. Inthe papacy was forced to move to Avignon. This absence, followed by the religious divisions of the Great Schism, meant that papal control of Rome was only regained in Striven by factions, Rome declined, and the fifteenth-century return of the popes was followed by a consciously grand rebuilding program, during which Rome was at the forefront of the Renaissance. The popes aimed to create a city which reflected their power, as well as deal with pilgrims. During the late seventeenth century, the excesses of the papal builders began to be curbed, while the cultural focus of Europe moved from Italy to France. In the late eighteenth century, the armies of Napoleon reached Rome and he looted many artworks. Revolution overtook Rome in as the pope resisted approving Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London elsewhere and was forced to flee from his fractious citizens. A new Roman Republic was declared, but it was crushed by French troops that same year. However, revolution remained in the air and the movement for the reunification of Italy succeeded; a new Kingdom of Italy took control of much of the Papal States and was soon pressurizing the pope for control of Rome. Byafter French troops left the city, and Italian forces had taken Rome, it was declared capital of the new Italy. As ever, building followed, designed to turn Rome into a capital; the population rose fast, from roughlyin toin Rome became the focus of a new power struggle inwhen Benito Mussolini marched his Blackshirts towards the city and took control of the nation. He signed the Lateran Pact inconferring on the Vatican the status of an independent state within Rome, but his regime collapsed during the Second World War. Rome escaped this great conflict without much damage and led Italy throughout the rest of the twentieth century. Inthe city had received its first directly elected mayor. Share Flipboard Email. Robert Wilde. History Londinium: The History of the Ancient Roman City That Became London. Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series. Updated February 20, ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. Ancient Roman History: Salutatio Embark on an interactive Jack the Ripper walking tour around Victorian London, with your very own suspect cards and Ripperologist guide leading the….