5LIGHTINGTECHNOLOGIES Chapter5:Lightingtechnologies Topicscovered 5 Lightingtechnologies................................................................................................................ 93 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 93 5.2 Lightsources.................................................................................................................. 94 5.2.1 Overview........................................................................................................... 94 5.2.2 Lampsinuse ..................................................................................................... 96 5.2.3 Lamps................................................................................................................ 98 Incandescentlamp............................................................................................. 98 Tungstenhalogenlamp..................................................................................... 99 Fluorescentlamps ........................................................................................... 100 Compactfluorescentlamps(CFL).................................................................. 101 HighIntensityDischargelamps(HighPressure)............................................ 103 MercuryLamps............................................................................................... 103 Metalhalidelamps.......................................................................................... 103 Highpressuresodiumlamps........................................................................... 104 Electrodelesslamps......................................................................................... 105 Inductionlamp ................................................................................................ 105 Compactfluorescentlamps(electrodeless) .................................................... 105 5.2.4 Auxiliaries....................................................................................................... 106 Ballasts............................................................................................................ 106 Comparisonoftheelectro-magnetic-ballastsandelectronicballasts............. 108 Transformers................................................................................................... 108 Starters ............................................................................................................ 110 Dimming ......................................................................................................... 110 5.3 Solid-statelighting ....................................................................................................... 111 5.3.1 Light-emittingdiodes(LEDs)......................................................................... 111 Operationprincipleandlightgeneration ........................................................ 111 LEDcharacterization ...................................................................................... 113 5.3.2 OLEDs-Organiclight-emittingdiodes.......................................................... 117 5.3.3 LEDdrivers..................................................................................................... 118 5.3.4 LEDdimmingandcontrol .............................................................................. 120 5.3.5 LEDroadmaps ................................................................................................ 122 91 5LIGHTINGTECHNOLOGIES 5.4 Trendsinthefutureinlightsources............................................................................. 123 Electroluminescentlightsources .................................................................... 123 Dischargelamps.............................................................................................. 124 5.5 Luminaires.................................................................................................................... 124 5.5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 124 5.5.2 Definitionofaluminaire................................................................................. 125 5.5.3 Energyaspects ................................................................................................ 126 5.5.4 LEDLuminaires.............................................................................................. 127 5.6 Networkaspects ........................................................................................................... 128 Descriptionofphenomena .............................................................................. 128 Risksandopportunities................................................................................... 131 5.7 Hybridlighting............................................................................................................. 132 5.7.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 132 5.7.2 Energysavings,lightingqualityandcosts...................................................... 132 5.7.3 Examples......................................................................................................... 133 HybridSolarLighting(HSL).......................................................................... 133 Lightshelfsystems .......................................................................................... 133 Lightpipes ....................................................................................................... 133 5.7.4 Summary......................................................................................................... 134 References.............................................................................................................................. 134 92 5LIGHTINGTECHNOLOGIES 5 Lightingtechnologies 5.1 Introduction Artificiallightingisbeingusedmoreandmoreintheworld.Theusageisquitenon-homogeneous. Indevelopingcountries,wecanstillfindawidespreaduseoffuelbasedlightingbutnowadaysthe situation is changing and the demand for electric based lighting is growing. Electric lighting consumesabout19%oftheworldtotalelectricityuse.So,weshouldrememberandconsiderthat the improvement in energy efficient lighting will also be helpful for the progress in developing countries.Everychangeintechnologies,incustomers’consumptionbehaviour,eveninlifestyle, has influences on global energy consumption and indirectly, on environment. Therefore, energy savinginlighting,andthemethodsofachievingthisgoalshouldbeconsideredatdifferentlevels (state,region,town,enterprise)andbysupranationalorganisations,too. People stay in indoor environment for most of the day. Characteristics of light in indoor environmentaremuchdifferentthanthatofnaturaloutdoorenvironment.Ontheotherhandpeople donotstopactivitiesaftersunset.Theartificiallightinghasthereforeimpactontheirwell-being (seealsothevisualandnon-visualaspectsoflightinChapter3).Theneededartificiallighthasto beprovidedinenergyefficientandenvironmentallyconsciousway.Itisimportanttosearchforthe technologicalsolutionswhichmeethumanneedswiththelowestimpactontheenvironmentduring operation,whenmostoftheimpactstakeplace.Theenvironmentalimpactsalsoincludeproduction anddisposaloflamps,andrelatedmaterials. Artificiallightingisbasedonsystems:lamps,ballasts,starters,luminairesandcontrols.Ballasts areneededfordischargelampstoconnectthelamptothemains.Lamps,ballastsandstartersare mountedintheluminairewiththewiringandlampbases,reflectorsdistributeandredirectthelight emittedfromthelampandlouversshieldtheuserfrom glare.Controlsystemsinteractwiththe building where they are installed. This means that the spider net of interactions and impacts is related with the architecture of the building (shape, space orientation etc. have influence for daylightcontribution),withthesupplynetworkandwiththedifferentequipmentinstalled,e.g.the heating,ventilation,coolingorelectronicdevices.Last,butnotleast,lightingsystemsaremadefor human beings who have individual needs and behaviours. User habits can be supported by automaticcontrols(forexample,occupancysensors),buttheuserhabitscannotbeoverridden,and hereeducationplaysamajorrole.Firstofall,theperfectlightingsystemofferingthebestsolution foreveryapplicationdoesnotexist.Everytechnology,includingthemoreinnovativeandtrendy ones,hasitsownlimitationsanditsfullpotentialismainlyrelatedtospecificapplicationfield. Furthermore,thebestlamp,ifusedwithpoororincompatibleluminaireorballast,losesmostofits advantages.Combininggoodlamp,ballastandluminaireinawronginstallationmaynotmeetthe userneedsorprovidelightingserviceinaninefficientway.Combinationofagoodlightingsystem inawelldesignedinstallationtakesstrongadvantagefromcontroldevices,todrivethelighting system according to, for instance, on daylight availability and occupancy. In the case of new buildingstheintegrationofdaylightisimportantinordertoreducetheenergyconsumption. 93 5LIGHTINGTECHNOLOGIES Tosummarize,energysavings/efficiencyandeconomicsaredependenton: ― Improvementoflightingtechnologies ― Makingbetteruseofavailablecost-effectiveandenergyefficientlighting technologies ― Lighting design (identify needs, avoid misuses, proper interaction of technologies,automaticcontrols,daylightintegration) ― Buildingdesign(daylightintegrationandarchitecture) ― Knowledgedisseminationtofinalusers ― Knowledge dissemination