No 57 Sheepen: an early Roman industrial site at Camulodunum by Rosalind Niblett 1985 Sheepen: an early Roman industrial site at Camulodunum by Rosalind Niblett 1985 The Council for Research Report 57 British Archaeology © 1985 Rosalind Niblett and Council for British Archaeology ISBN 0 906780 46 2 Published 1985 by the Council for British Archaeology, 112 Kennington Road, London SE11 6RE Printed by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Niblett, Rosalind Sheepen : an early Roman industrial site at Camulodunum.—(CBA research report, ISSN 0589-9036; 57) 1. Excavations (Archaeology)—England— Colchester (Essex) 2. Colchester (Essex)— Antiquities 3. England—Antiquities I. Title II. Council for British Archaeology III. Series 936.2’6723 DA690. C7 The CBA acknowledges with gratitude a grant from the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England towards the publication of this report. Contents Contents of volume Illustrations ..................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements .............................................................................. ix Contributors.. .................................................................................. x The arrangement of the report ..................................................................... x Theexcavation .................................................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Chronology and summary. .................................................................... 1 Thesitereport ............................................................................... 3 TheRomanroad ......................................................................... 4 Site i ................................................................................... 5 Site ii .................................................................................. 12 Site iii.................................................................................. 15 Site iv .................................................................................. 20 Site v ................................................................................... 20 Site vi .................................................................................. 22 Site vii ................................................................................. 22 The burials and cremations. ............................................................... 22 Discussion .................................................................................. 22 The pre-Roman phase .................................................................... 22 The Claudian phase ...................................................................... 23 The Claudian/Neronian phase ............................................................. 24 Site v ................................................................................... 26 The Boudiccan revolt. .................................................................... 26 Period VI ............................................................................... 26 Index of features ............................................................................. 26 Date of periods .......................................................................... 26 Features ................................................................................ 26 Catalogue of pre-Flavian features and their contents .............................................. 28 The finds ....................................................................................... 48 Theceramics ................................................................................ 48 The coarse pottery-discussion and conclusions by Rosalind Niblett ............................. 48 The Gallo-Belgic wares-discussion and conclusions by Valerie Rigby ........................... 74 The samian ware-discussion and conclusions by Geoffrey Dannell .............................. 83 The mortaria-discussion and conclusions by Katharine F Hartley .............................. 92 Petrological analysis of the mortaria by David Williams ........................................ 93 The amphoras-summary and conclusions by Paul R Sealey ................................... 98 The metalwork .............................................................................. 112 Discussion and conclusions by Rosalind Niblett ............................................... 112 The objects of copper alloy-discussion by Graham Webster. ................................... 114 The analysis of copper alloy objects by Justine Bayley. ......................................... 115 The brooches-discussion and conclusions by Justine Bayley and Sarnia Butcher .................. 116 The glass ................................................................................... 136 General remarks by Rosalind Niblett ........................................................ 136 The glass cameo by Martin Henig. .......................................................... 136 The stone and flint by Rosalind Niblett .......................................................... 142 The fauna by Rosemary Luff. .................................................................. 143 Bone fragment count of the main domestic species ............................................ 143 Butchery.. ............................................................................. 143 Minimum number of animals .............................................................. 145 Cattle .................................................................................. 145 Sheep/goat .............................................................................. 147 Horse .................................................................................. 147 Pig..................................................................................... 147 Dogs ................................................................................... 147 Birds ................................................................................... 148 Wild animals ............................................................................ 148 Cattlesize............................................................................... 148 Sheepsize .............................................................................. 148 Pig size ................................................................................. 148 Horsesize............................................................................... 149 v Bibliography .................................................................................... 150 Abbreviations ............................................................................... 150 References ................................................................................. 150 Contents of microfiche Theexcavation.......................................................................... 1:A4-B4 The pre-Flavian cremations and the inhumation cemetery by Rosalind Niblett ................ 1:A4-B4 The early Roman cremations. ..................................................... 1:A4-9 The burial casket by Chris Saunders ................................................ l:A9-13 The sarnian stamps from the cremation groups by Brenda M Dickinson .................. l:A13-14 The inhumation cemetery with notes on the human bone by Rosemary Luff ................ l:A14-B4 The ceramics ........................................................................... l:B4-3:A14 The coarse pottery by Rosalind Niblett .................................................. 1:B4-D3 Period I: pre-Roman, before AD 43. ............................................... 1:B4-6 Period III: AD 44-8 ............................................................. 1:B6-8 Period IV: AD 49-61 ............................................................ 1:B8-13 Period IVb1: Early Neronian, site iii ............................................... l:B13-C3 Period IVb: Neionian, site iii. ..................................................... l:C3-4 Neronian phase, Period IVb ...................................................... l:C4-10 Period IVb-V. .................................................................. 1:C11-12 Periods III-IVb: unusual vessels .................................................. l:C12-14 Period V: Boudiccan ............................................................. l:C14-D2 Post-Boudiccan ................................................................. 1:D2-3 The strainer bowls by Rosalind Niblett .................................................. l:D3-4 The imported fine wares by Rosalind Niblett ............................................. 1:D4-9 Periods II/III ................................................................... 1:D4-5 Period IV ...................................................................... 1:D5 Period IVb, Neronian ............................................................ l:D6-7 Periods III/IV: AD 43-61 ........................................................ 1:D8 Period V: Boudiccan destruction levels ............................................. 1:D8 Disturbed deposits and topsoil .................................................... 1:D8-9 Note on imported central Gaulish jars by P A Tyers ...................................... 1:D9-10 The non-pottery ceramics