ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: INVESTING IN ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT The Case of SEA and the MDGs Experiences in Ghana Winfred Nelson Ghana National Development Planning Commission EU Green Week Brussels Belgium June 12-15 2007 Environment and Development Nexus Ghana’s economy is heavily dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism and forest sector etc. Local population depends directly on the immediate environment for their livelihood Ghana signatory to numerous environment conventions Cost of environmental degradation-renewable natural resources- 5.5% of GDP 1000$ per capita income by 2015 Sustainable Process of Wealth Creation z Optimising the use of ENV. Resources in GROWTH and POVERTY REDUCTION z Dealing efficiently with the effects of GROWTH on Environment RECLASSIFIED ECOLOGICAL ZONES BY DISTRICT POVERTY INCIDENCE BY DISTRICTS KASSENA NANKANI BON GO BAWKU EAST KASSENA NANKANI BON GO BAWKU EAST BAW KU BAW KU WEST WEST LAW R A BOLGATANGA LAW R A BOLGATANGA JIRAPA JIRAPA LAM BUSSIE SISSALA LAM BUSSIE SISSALA BU ILSA BU ILSA EAST MAMPRUSI EAST MAMPRUSI NADOWLI NADOWLI WEST MAMPRUSI WEST MAMPRUSI WA WA GUSHIEGU-KARAGA SABOBA- GUSHIEGU-KARAGA SABOBA- CHEREPONI CHER EPON I SAVELUGU- SAVELUGU- NANTON NANTON TOLON- TOLON- KU MBUN GU KU MBUN GU WEST WEST WEST GONJA DAGOMBA YEN DI WEST GONJA DAGOMBA YEN DI BOLE ZABZUGU- BOLE ZABZUGU- TATALE TATALE NANUMBA NANUMBA EAST GONJA EAST GONJ A NKWANTA NKWANTA KI NT AMPO KI NT AMPO WENCHI WENCH I KR ACH I KADJEBI KR ACH I KAD JEBI JAMAN JAMAN ATEBUBU SEN E AT EBUBU SEN E NKORANZ A NKORANZA TECHIMAN TECHIMAN BER EKUM BEREKUM EJURA- EJURA- SU NYANI SEKYEDUMASI JASIKAN SU NYANI SEKYEDUMASI JASIKAN DORMAA DORMAA SEKYERE EAST SEKYERE EAST TANO SEKYERE WEST TANO SEKYERE WEST OF FI NSO OF FI NSO HOHOE HOHOE ASU TU FI AFIGYA ASUTUFI AFIGYA SEKYERE SEKYERE AH AFO AH AFO AH AFO AH AFO ANO ANO AFRAM PLAINS ANO ANO AFRAM PLAINS NORTH SOU TH ASANTE AKIM NORTH SOU TH ASANTE AKIM KWABRE NORTH KW ABR E NORTH ASU NAFO ASU NAFO KU MASI EJISU- KUMASI EJISU- METRO JUABEN METR O JUABEN KW AH U SOU TH KPAN DO KW AH U SOU TH KPANDO BOSOMTWE HO BOSOMTWE HO JUABESO-BIA AT W IM A KW AN W OM A JUABESO-BIA AT W IM A KW AN W OM A FANTEAKWA FANTEAKWA AMANSIE WEST ASAN TE AMANSIE WEST ASANTE AMANSIE EAST AKIM MANYA AMANSIE EAST AKIM MANYA KROBO KROBO BINHBIBIANI SOUTH BI NH BIBI AN I SOUTH AN HW I ASO ASU OGYA AN HW I ASO ASU OGYA EAST AKIM AKATSI EAST AKIM AKAT SI SEFWI WIAWSO BEKWAI YILO SEFWI WIAWSO BEKWAI YILO BIRI M NORTH KR OBO NORTH TONGU BI RIM NORTH KR OBO NORTH TONGU NEW NEW KWAEBIBREM KET U KWAEBIBREM KET U ADANSI ADANSI EAST JUABEN AD ANSI ADANSI EAST JUABEN WEST SUHUM WEST SUHUM AKW API M AKWAPIM KRABOA SOU TH KRABOA SOU TH NORTH NORTH COALTAR TONGU COALTAR TONGU UPPER DANGBE WEST DANGBE KET A UPPER DANGBE WEST DANGBE KET A BI REM SOUT H WEST AKIM AKW API M BIREM SOUTH WEST AKIM AKW API M WASSA-AMENFI DENKYIRA EAST WASSA-AMENFI DENKYIRA EAST SOUTH SOUTH AOWIN-SUAMAN AOWIN-SUAMAN TEMA TEMA ASI KUMA GA ASI KUMA GA ASSIN ODOBEN ASSI N ODOBEN AGONA EW U TU AC CR A AGON A EW U TU AC CR A BRAKWA BRAKWA TWIFU AFUTU METRO TWIFU AFUTU METRO HEMAN SENYA HEMAN SENYA LOWER AJ UM AKO LOWER AJ UM AKO DENKYIRA ENYAN DENKYIRA ENYAN ESSIEM ESSIEM ABURA GO M O A ABURA GOM OA WASSA WEST MPOHOR ASEIBU WASSA WEST MPOHOR ASEIBU WASSA KWAMANKESE WASSA KWAMANKESE EAST MFANTSIMAN EAST MFAN TSIM AN JOMORO LEGEND JOMORO LEGEND KOMENDA CAPE COAST KOMENDA CAPE COAST NZEMA EAST ED IN A EGUAF O NZEMA EAST ED IN A EGUAF O ABIREM ABIREM POVERTY INCIDENCE BY DISTRICTS SHAMA RECLASSIFIED ECOLOGICAL ZONES SHAMA AH ANT A COASTAL SAVANA AH ANT A 8 - 25 EAST COASTAL SAVANA/RAINFOREST EAST 26 - 40 COASTAL SAVANNA/SEMI DECIDOUS 41 - 55 AHANTA WEST AH ANT A W EST GUINEA SAVANNA 56 - 70 GUINEA SAVANNA/SUDAN SAVANNA 71 - 85 SEMI DECIDOUS 86 - 100 N SEMI DECIDOUS /RAINFOREST N SEMI DECIDOUS/TRANSITIONAL SUDAN SAVANNA TRANS ITIONAL 25 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers TRANS ITIONAL/GUINEA 25 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers Outline of Presentation Environment-Development Nexus Experiences of Environment Mainstreaming z Strategic Environment Assessment processes z Millennium Development Goals Observations of the processes Some recommendations Summary and Conclusion Environment Mainstreaming Processes Not just adding on environment themes in national policy framework Assessing the implications of the environment on any planned action legislation, policies. programmes etc A comprehensive integration and interweaving of environment and socio-economic issues Dealing with trade-offs in the complete planning cycle Mainstream into what? Whole process of decision making and implementation includes (National Development Policy Frameworks-Ghana/Growth & Poverty Reduction ) Planning & Budgeting Monitoring and Evaluation At National, Sector and District levels Why SEA? Examination of the GPRS I (inter and intra conflicts and synergies) indicated environment and sustainable consequences of the policy interventions were not critically assessed. Purpose of SEA z Assess the environmental issues, risks and opportunities presented by the implementation of the policies of government and other stakeholders at national regional and local levels z Mainstream environment within the five thematic areas of policy identified in the 2003 edition of the GPRS. z Identify appropriate mechanisms to ensure that sound environmental management contributes to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in Ghana z Creating institutional systems that allow broad participation in decision making processes. What did SEA do? Incorporation of SEA principles within guidelines for sectoral and district development plans Advisory Notes on relevant SEA findings Development of individual products such as handbooks, training manuals, guidelines and reports, checklists etc. Broad awareness raising z Civil society, NGOs z Parliamentary representatives z Ministers Trained wide range of stakeholders -MDA level 27, District Assemblies 108 out of 110 SEA: Key Recommendations-updating the GPRS II MACRO GOV HD VULN P & G Accounting for Institutionalisin Education in Recognising Restoration of NR depletion g the Environment at and dealing with degraded NR Mainstreaming of all levels for the effects of Allocation of SD Principles by attitudinal Climate Sustainable Budgetary adopting SEA change Variability and Management of Resources for change NR Environment Promote Increase compliance and Access to safe Early Warning Sustainable Enforcement water and Systems for Consumption – sanitation for Disasters and Waste, Energy, Protect All improved Extreme Events Chemicals Basic Rights health outcomes Other issues – Tourism, Sustainable Renewable management of Energy, Mining WR – Some Key Lessons and Challenges New Concept-acceptability not easy Local expertise and donor collaboration o Low and lack of effectiveness of participation of NGOs, CSOs private sector Implementation of some of the recommendations not easy e.g. green accounting Monitoring Plan Poor reflection of SEA in 2006-2009 District Medium Term Development Plan Some Key Lessons and Challenges Cont’d Remarkable improvements of mainstreaming environment largely due to SEA process o Broad awareness raising of environmental and social issues (all ministries; all districts) o Gradually policy makers are beginning to have a deep appreciation to consider environment as a priority for poverty reduction o Selection and in-depth analysis of selective sectoral and districts SEA e.g water, Drylands,Transport, Energy, Tourism B. Mainstreaming and MDGs Historically MDGs are not new. Pursued in diverse ways over the last few decades The MDGs establish broad development agenda but they do not in themselves offer plans of action for a particular country to achieve the goals. Ensuring that national plans, programmes and policy frameworks are in harmony with each other and consistent with the MDGs. E.g. Integration of the MDGs into the GPRS II (2006-2009)- Sustainable Natural Resources MDGs are synergistic and mutually reinforcing The Annual Progress Reports give status information on the achievement of the MDGs. MDGS INTERRELATIONSHIPS MDG2: Achieve Universal Basic MDG 3: Promote Gender MDG 1: Eradicate Education Equality and Empower extreme Poverty and Availability of water and energy sources. Women Hunger Particularly girls spend more hours gather Poor women exposed to indoor ring water and firewood Continuous Degradation of air pollution, burden of natural resources such as food, collecting fuel wood and water, Burden of environmental health threats medicinal plants, fuel wood etc. and unequal access to land and and land degradation might lead natural resources to poverty MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality MDG 8:Global Partnership Environmentally related For Growth and Dev’t MDG7: Ensuring diseases- indoor and local air Issues of unfair ToT, Environmental pollution, unsafe water, poor burden of debt, and Sustainability sanitation overexploitation of environmental asset minimised thro’ mutual collaboration MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases Physical stresses associated with the gathering of environmental resources such as firewood, good drinking water Environmental degradation might lead to poor local poses greater risk during pregnancy economic Food availability, water quality, poor Mishaps, rural-urban migration and overcrowding. sanitation etc caused by environmental These may lead to HIV/AIDS etc. degradation tend to affect maternal health. Increase in temp associated with climate change,poor sanitation conducive for vector multiplication STATUS OF MDGs IN GHANA GOAL/ TARGET INDICATORS 2003 2005 2006 GOAL1: PROPORTION BELOW POVERTY LINE 1992---36.5% -18%- TARGET 1- HALVE THE PROP. OF PPLE BELOW POVERTY LINE BY 1998--27% 2015 TARGET 2- HALVE THE PROP OF UNDER 5 CHILDREN WHO ARE 30% 18% PPLE WHO SUFFER FROM MALNOURISHED HUNGER GOAL 2: NET PRIMARY ENROLMENT RATIO 55.9 59.1 68.8 TARGET 3- ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL % % % ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION BY 2015 GOAL 3: RATIO OF FEMALES TO MALES IN .77% .95% .95% TARGET 4: ELIMINATE GENDER PRIMARY DISPARITY IN PRIMARY/JUNIOR SEC.