Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(7): 938-953 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 7 (2015) pp. 938-953 http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article Zoonotic significance and Prophylactic Measure against babesiosis Faryal Saad, Kalimullah Khan, Shandana Ali and Noor ul Akbar* Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Babesiosis is a vector borne disease by the different species of genus Babesia, affecting a large no of mammals worldwide. Babesiosis has zoonotic significance all over the world, causing huge loss to livestock industry and health hazards in human population. The primary zoonotic vector of babesia is ixodes ticks. Keywo rd s Different species have different virulence, infectivity and pathogenicity. Literature was collected from the individual researchers published papers. Table was made in Babesiosis , the MS excel. The present study review for the current knowledge about the Prophylactic, babesia species ecology, host specificity, life cycle and pathogenesis with an Tick borne, emphasis on the zoonotic significance and prophylactic measures against Vector, Babesiosis. Prophylactic measure against Babesiosis in early times was hindered Zoonosis. but due to advancement in research, the anti babesial drugs and vaccines have been developed. This review emphasizes on the awareness of public sector, rural communities, owners of animal husbandry and health department about the risk of infection in KPK and control measure should be implemented. Vaccines of less price tag should be designed to prevent the infection of cattles and human population. Introduction Babesiosis is a tick transmitted disease, At specie level there is considerable infecting a wide variety of wild and confusion about the true number of zoonotic domestic animals, as well as humans. species. Recent studies indicate that Babesia Babesiosis is also called tick fever, Texas microti is a species complex together with at fever, red water and piroplasmosis caused least four named species (US, Munich, by different Babesia species found in Kobe, and Hobetsu) and unknown number tropical and temperate regions of the world of other strains (Goethert et al., 2006; Tsuji (Criado-Fornelio et al., 2004). Babesiosis is et al., 2006; Nakajima et al., 2009). an emerging zoonotic disease having Babesiosis may be asymptomatic estimating different reservoir host for zoonotic Babesia that about a third of patients remain species. B. microti, other Babesia microti asymptomatic (Krause et al., 2003) While in like species and B. divergens have zoonotic symptomatic cases clinical signs of human significance. Babesiosis are persistent non-periodic high 938 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(7): 938-953 fever (40–41°C) chills, severe sweats, the last suggesting preventive and headaches, myalgia, and lumbar and prophylactic measures in order to minimize abdominal pain. Jaundice due to high level the transmission of vectors to humans and of haemolysis, vomiting and diarrhea may animals. Prophylactic measures are also also occur. Respiratory, cardiac, renal, or recommended against tick vectors, to reduce hepatic failure may be present due to release the economic loss to livestock industries in of toxins during haemolysis and because of KPK. host immune response (Zintl et al., 2003; Telford et al., 2006; Hunfeld et al., 2008). It Historical background is possible that single Babesia specie can infect more than one vertebrate host as For centuries Babesiosis was known to be a Babesia microti (rodents and men). serious hemolytic disease of wild and Babesiosis is transmitted biologically by a domesticated animals, chiefly cattles. Victor vector tick Ixoded species but biting of flies Babes, a Romanian scientist who 1st and fomites may also involve in the reported this disease in the Romania in mechanical transmission of Babesiosis from 1888, by describing the symptoms of infected to clinically susceptible animals haemolysis in the cattle and sheep (Ristic (Ristic and Levy, 1981). and Levy, 1981). In 1893 Americans Theobald Smith and Fred Kilborne At the beginning of twentieth century vector recognized the parasite as the causal agent borne diseases resulting in the worldwide of this disease, they also describe that ticks epidemics affecting thousands of people are instrumental in the Babesiosis (Gubler, 1998). Zoonosis emerges in the transmission. They reported Babesiosis as populations due to the immigration of the first tick-transmitted disease. Hutcheon humans and livestock, lack of public in South Africa in 1896 describes the attentiveness and health resources, poverty presence of canine babesiosis. and changes in the climate (Sumilo et al., 2008). Pakistan being economic country Epidemiology and pathogenesis having large rural and developing urban population is also endemic to a large variety The genus Babesia causes Babesiosis which of tick vector and insect species (Reisen and is an intraerythrocytic protozoan. There are Boreham, 1979; Ghosh et al., 2007). In about more than 100 Babesia species in Pakistan more than 70% population of KPK which some are pathogenic to the humans depend on the livestock for their survival. for example Babesia microti is causative Due to restricted use of tick control measure agent of human Babesiosis in North and denied access to vaccines, the vector America while Babesia divergens in the borne diseases in the people and livestock Europe also four to five Babesia species are industries are common in KPK and FATA reported in other human cases (Oliver Jr et regions of the Pakistan. These vectors borne al., 1993). Babesia bigemina and Babesia diseases cause morbidity and mortality from bovis cause bovine Babesiosis (Mehlhorn the animals acting as a reservoir of zoonotic, and Kakoma, 1994). Babesia argentina is vector borne agents (Irwin and Jefferies, mostly found in the South America (Levine, 2004; Otranto et al., 2009). 1985). Out of 20 Babesia species, 5 species are more important in the cattle’s. Babesia The review intended to discuss the zoonotic berbera found in the North America and significance and prophylactic measure Babesia major is slightly smaller than against Babesiosis in KPK Pakistan and in Babesia bigemina and transmitted by 939 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(7): 938-953 Haemaphysalis punctata and prevalent in the United Kingdom and northern Europe Pakistan economically depends on the (Pumell, 1981). Babesia equi and Babesia livestock sector, having contribution in 2008 caballi are distributed globally and cause and 2009 to agricultural value (51.8%) and equine babesiosis. Both species can be also to national gross domestic product transmitted by Boophilus, Hyalomma, (11.3%) (Mustafa, 2008). From Dermacentor, and Rhipicephalus species of epidemiological studies, it is revealed that tick (Levine, 1985; Friedhoff, 1988). Babesiosis in sheep is the third most Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni are the important disease in Pakistan (Morris, causal agents of dog piroplasmosis and 2009). Babesiosis in Pakistan causes huge transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus or economic loss to the livestock industries. Dermacentor reticulatus ticks (Levine, Ticks are cosmopolitan in distribution in 1985). tropical and sub-tropical areas. Pakistan is tropical country having rich fauna of tick in Babesia jakimovi is large specie and it is the the number of genera and species, Because causal agent of Siberian piroplasmosis in of most favorable climatic conditions for the cattle. It can also infect the tartarean roe tick’s growth and reproduction (Rasul and deer, Asian elk and reindeer. The symptoms Akhtar, 1975). of Babesia jakimovi disease are similar to Babesia bigemina (Pumell, 1981). Babesia In Pakistan Hyalomma tick have highest ovate is reported in the Japan and it is prevalence rate followed by Boophilus, slightly pathogenic and it is serologically Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus in district different from Babesia bigemina and Kasur (Durrani and Kamal, 2008). In the transmitted by the larvae of Haemaphysalis Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan longicornis (Minami and Ishihara, 1980). vector borne diseases is most prevalent due Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis are two to favourable climatic conditions and economically most important species to the poverty (Irwin and Jefferies, 2004; Otranto livestock industry in tropical and sub- et al., 2009). tropical areas of the world and transmitted by the same tick vector Rhipicephalus also Host specificity and life cycle called Boophilus microplus (Callow, 1984a,b; Hove et al., 1998). Babesiosis in Babesias are apicomplexan parasites of the the dogs is caused by Babesia canis first suborder Piroplasmidea of family babesiidae time reported in Itly. Babesiosis in case of due to their specific invasion in the Babesia bovis characterized by anemia, erythrocytes, multiplication by budding fever up to 42°C, jaundice, ataxia, anorexia, rather than schizogony. The life cycle of all increased respiratory rate, muscle weakness, Babesia species is approximately similar but depression and difficult to move. While in slight difference exists because in some Babesiosis due to Babesia bigemina, cattle species transovarial transmission occur do not seem to be as sick as those with (Babesia spp sensu stricto) while not in Babesia bovis, but haemoglobinuria occurs other species (Babesia microti). Almost all again and again, anemia and jaundice occurs the