TRAKYA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF NATURAL SCIENCES 20 Volume 1 Number April 2019 TUJNS TRAKYA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF NATURAL SCIENCES Trakya Univ J Nat Sci ISSN 2147-0294 e-ISSN 2528-9691 Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences Volume: 20 Number: 1 April 2019 Trakya Univ J Nat Sci http://dergipark.gov.tr/trkjnat e-mail: [email protected] ISSN 2147-0294 e-ISSN 2528-9691 ISSN 2147-0294 e-ISSN 2528-9691 Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences http://dergipark.gov.tr/trkjnat Volume 20, Number 1, April 2019 Owner On behalf of Trakya University Rectorship, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Murat YURTCAN Editor-in-Chief Doç. Dr. Kadri KIRAN Editorial Board Abdel Hameed A. AWAD National Research Center, Dokki Giza Egypt Albena LAPEVA-GJONOVA Sofia University, Sofia Bulgaria Ayşegül ÇERKEZKAYABEKİR Trakya University, Edirne Turkey (Copyeditor) Bálint MARKÓ Babeș-Bolyai University Romania Beata ZIMOWSKA University of Life Sciences, Lublin Poland Belgin SÜSLEYİCİ Marmara University, İstanbul Turkey Burak ÖTERLER Trakya University, Edirne Turkey (Design Editor) Bülent YORULMAZ Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla Turkey Celal KARAMAN Trakya University, Edirne Turkey (Copyeditor) Cem Vural Erciyes University, Kayseri Turkey Coşkun TEZ Erciyes University, Kayseri Turkey Errol HASSAN University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia Gamze ALTINTAŞ KAZAR Trakya University, Edirne Turkey (Design Editor) Gökhan Barış ÖZDENER Boston University, Boston United States Herdem ASLAN Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale Turkey Ilgaz AKATA Ankara University, Ankara Turkey İmran KURT ÖMÜRLÜ Adnan Menderes University, Aydın Turkey (Biostatistics Editor) İskender KARALTI Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey Kürşad TÜRKŞEN Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Canada Medine SİVRİ Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir Turkey (Turkish Language Editor) Mehmet TEKİN Trakya University, Edirne Turkey Mevlüt TÜRE Adnan Menderes University, Aydın Turkey (Biostatistics Editor) Mustafa YAMAÇ Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir Turkey Naime ARSLAN Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir Turkey Özkan DANIŞ Marmara University, İstanbul Turkey Reşat ÜNAL Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla Turkey Saliha ÇORUH Atatürk University, Erzurum Turkey Tuğba ONGUN SEVİNDİK Sakarya University, Sakarya Turkey Vladimír ANTONIN Moravian Museum, Brno Czech Republic Volkan AKSOY Trakya University, Edirne Turkey (English Language Editor) Yerlan TURUSPEKOV Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty Kazakhstan Yeşim SAĞ Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey Yıldız AYDIN Marmara University, İstanbul Turkey Zeynep KATNAŞ Trakya University, Edirne Turkey Correspondence Address Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Binası, Balkan Yerleşkesi – 22030 Edirne / TÜRKİYE e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +90 284 2358230 Fax: +90 284 2358237 This Journal is a peer reviewed journal and is indexed by CAB Abstract, CiteFactor, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journal), DRJI (Directory of Research Journal Indexing), ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index), Google Scholar, ResearchBib, Science Library Index, SIS (Scientific Indexing Services), TUBITAK-ULAKBIM Life Sciences Database (Turkish Journal Index) and Zoological Record. Publisher Trakya Üniversitesi Matbaa Tesisleri / Trakya University Publishing Centre TRAKYA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF NATURAL SCIENCES Volume 20 Number 1 April 2019 REVIEWER LIST Abuzer ÇELEKLİ (Gaziantep-TURKEY) Augustine SAMORLU (İstanbul-TURKEY) Aysun ERGENE (Kırıkkale-TURKEY) Barış Ata BORSA (İstanbul-TURKEY) Demet HANÇER AYDEMİR (Isparta-TURKEY) Ebru Demet AKDOĞAN (İstanbul-TURKEY) Eugenyi MAKARCHENKO (Vladivostok-RUSSIA) Faruk SELÇUK (Kırşehir-TURKEY) Gürçay KIVANÇ AKYILDIZ (Denizli-TURKEY) Hatice TUNCA (Sakarya-TURKEY) Hung Yi SONG (Taipei-TAIWAN) Najla Ben MILOUD YAHIA (Sidi Thabet-TUNISIA) Nnaemeka EMMANUEL (Plateau-NIGERIA) Yusufjon GAFFOROV (Beijing-CHINA) ISSN 2147-0294 e-ISSN 2528-9691 Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences http://dergipark.gov.tr/trkjnat Volume 20, Number 1, April 2019 CONTENTS Research Article 1. Berat Zeki HAZNEDAROĞLU 1-8 Fitness and Pathogenicity of Outbreak Causing Salmonella Upon Short-Term Exposure to Groundwater with Residual Antibiotics 2. Banu ORTA YILMAZ 9-17 The Effects of Vitamin C on Glycidamide-Induced Cellular Damage and Apoptosis in Mouse Leydig Cells 3. Abdülkadir KOCAK, Muslum YILDIZ 19-26 Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Norovirus-Host Cell Interaction Mediated by H-type 1 Antigen 4. Müslüm ALTUN 27-34 Bioproduction of γ-Poly(glutamic acid) using feather hydrolysate as a fermentation substrate 5. Joel MOUBAYED-BREIL, Patrick ASHE 35-46 Rheocricotopus (s. str.) costai sp. n. and R. (s. str.) pyrenaeus sp. n., two relict species from glacial rheocrenes and streams in Corsica and the eastern Pyrenees (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) 6. Ilgaz AKATA, Deniz ALTUNTAŞ, Şanlı KABAKTEPE 47-55 Fungi Determined in Ankara University Tandoğan Campus Area (Ankara-Turkey) 7. Deniz AKSOY 57-62 Determination of in vitro Biofilm Formation Abilities of Food Borne Salmonella enterica Isolates 8. Dilek YALÇIN DUYGU 63-70 Determination of Growth Kinetics and Biochemical Composition of Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W.Smith Isolated from Freshwater Sources in Turkey http://dergipark.gov.tr/trkjnat Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 20(1): 1-8, 2019 ISSN 2147-0294, e-ISSN 2528-9691 Research Article DOI: 10.23902/trkjnat.435384 FITNESS AND PATHOGENICITY OF OUTBREAK CAUSING Salmonella UPON SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO GROUNDWATER WITH RESIDUAL ANTIBIOTICS Berat Zeki HAZNEDAROĞLU Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Hisar Campus, 34342 Bebek, İstanbul, TURKEY ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-8801, e-mail: [email protected] Cite this article as: Haznedaroğlu B.Z. 2019. Fitness and Pathogenicity of Outbreak Causing Salmonella Upon Short-Term Exposure to Groundwater with Residual Antibiotics. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci, 20(1): 1-8, DOI: 10.23902/trkjnat.435384 Received: 21 June 2018, Accepted: 18 November 2018, Online First: 23 December 2018, Published: 15 April 2019 Abstract: The changes in survival and pathogenicity of three Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes upon short term exposure to groundwater with residual antibiotics have been studied in relationship to overall microbial fitness. A wild type flagellated Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium outbreak strain, a mutant Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium strain, and a wild type avian disease-causing Salmonella enterica ser. Pullorum strain were exposed to a range of ionic strength (3-30 mM) groundwater with residual antibiotics for 6-24 hours. Exposed organisms’ pathogenicity was tested in vitro exposure to a human epithelial cell line (HEp2). Resistance profiles against 10 common antibiotics were also tested and compared to unexposed controls. Results show minor antibiotic resistance changes for S. enterica ser. Typhimurium strains in response to some antibiotic classes mediated with active efflux pumps. This trend was not observed for S. enterica ser. Pullorum, suggesting that resistance found in groundwater exposed organisms might be strain-dependent. In vitro epithelial cell invasion assays showed bacterial invasion of HEp2 cells initially decreases with time and increases after 24 hours. It is concluded that S. enterica serotypes reaching groundwater environments in the presence of residual antibiotics may exhibit increased levels of pathogenicity, strain-dependent resistance to antibiotics, and sustained levels of viability. Key words: Salmonella, antibiotic resistance, invasion, groundwater, pathogenicity. Özet: Bu çalışmada kalıntı miktarda antibiyotik içeren yeraltı sularına kısa süreli maruz bırakılan üç Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotipinin hastalık yapıcı özelliklerindeki değişiklikler ve hayatta kalabilme seviyeleri genel mikrobiyel fitnes çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Serotipler gerçek bir salgından izole edilen kamçılı doğal fenotip Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, kamçısı fonksiyonel olmayan bir başka Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium suşu ve kuş türlerinde salgına yol açan doğal fenotip Salmonella enterica ser. Pullorum’dan oluşup, iyon şiddeti değişken (3-30 mM) ve kalıntı miktarda antibiyotik içeren yeraltı suyuna 6-24 saat sürecince maruz bırakılmıştır. Serotiplerin hastalık yapıcı özellikleri in vitro koşullarda HEp2 türü insan epitel hücre kültürleri kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Antibiyotik direnç seviyeleri ise yaygın kullanılan 10 antibitiyotiğe karşı disk difüzyon testi yardımıyla belirlenmiştir. Deneyler sonucunda S. enterica ser. Typhimurium suşlarında antibiyotik direnç seviyelerinde az miktarda artış gözlenirken S. enterica ser. Pullorum suşunda değişiklik gözlenmemiştir. In vitro deneylerde ise suşların HEp2 hücrelerini enfekte etmeleri zamanla önce azalmış, 24 saatlik dilim sonunda ise artmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kalıtsal antibiyotik içeren yeraltı sularına temas eden S. enterica serotiplerinin hastalık yapıcı karakterlerinin arttığı, antibiyotik direnç seviyelerinin suşa bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterirken hayatta kalma oranlarının yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Introduction Salmonella is a robust zoonotic pathogen threatening sources of human and/or animal waste will likely reach both human and animal health significantly. Non- groundwater and create health related issues in individuals typhoidal Salmonella infections are increasing worldwide who are directly or indirectly exposed to the groundwater with at least nine to ten incidents reported