TAXON: Aphananthe aspera SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk (Thunb.) Planch. Taxon: Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch. Family: Cannabaceae Common Name(s): mukutree Synonym(s): Homoioceltis aspera (Thunb.) Blume scabrous aphananthe Prunus aspera Thunb. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 25 Jan 2018 WRA Score: 0.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Deciduous Tree, Unarmed, Wind-Pollinated, Bird-Dispersed, Coppices Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 25 Jan 2018 (Aphananthe aspera Page 1 of 14 (Thunb.) Planch.) TAXON: Aphananthe aspera SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk (Thunb.) Planch. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 25 Jan 2018 (Aphananthe aspera Page 2 of 14 (Thunb.) Planch.) TAXON: Aphananthe aspera SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk (Thunb.) Planch. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven,P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2003. Flora of "The wood is fine and strong, the fiber is used for manufacturing China. Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science ropes and staple rayon, and the leaves are used as feed for horses." Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. [No evidence of domestication] Louis 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: Asia-Temperate China: China - Anhui, - Fujian, - Guangdong, - Guangxi, - Guizhou, - USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Hubei, - Hunan, - Jiangsu, - Jiangxi, - Shaanxi, - Shandong, - Shanxi, - 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Sichuan, - Yunnan, - Zhejiang Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Eastern Asia: Japan - Honshu, - Kyushu, - Shikoku; Korea; Taiwan [Accessed 24 Jan 2018] Asia-Tropical Indo-China: Vietnam" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 24 Jan 2018] Creation Date: 25 Jan 2018 (Aphananthe aspera Page 3 of 14 (Thunb.) Planch.) TAXON: Aphananthe aspera SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk (Thunb.) Planch. Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Hills, valleys, streamsides, slopes; 100-1600 m." ... 'Aphananthe Wu, Z.Y., Raven,P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2003. Flora of aspera var. aspera ... Valleys, streamsides;100-600 m in E and N China. Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science China, 500-1000 m in SE and SC China." ... "Aphananthe aspera var. Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. pubescens ... Hills, slopes, valleys; 300-1600 m." [Elevation range Louis exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] Plants for a Future. 2018. Aphananthe aspera. "USDA hardiness: 6-9" http://www.pfaf.org. [Accessed 24 Jan 2018] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven,P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2003. Flora of "Hills, valleys, streamsides, slopes; 1001600 m. Anhui, Fujian, China. Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang Louis [Japan, Korea, Vietnam]." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 ? introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Unclear. Mentioned on commercial websites, but records of WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication introduction outside native range are not well documented. 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2018. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, No evidence to date Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/. [Accessed 24 Jan 2018] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Creation Date: 25 Jan 2018 (Aphananthe aspera Page 4 of 14 (Thunb.) Planch.) TAXON: Aphananthe aspera SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk (Thunb.) Planch. Qsn # Question Answer 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Trees or rarely shrubs, to 25 m tall, d.b.h. to 50 cm, deciduous. Bark brown or grayish brown, scabrous, longitudinally fissured. Branchlets yellowish green when young, brownish red in Wu, Z.Y., Raven,P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2003. Flora of second year, old ones grayish brown, with distinct rounded lenticels. China. Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Stipules linear, 58 mm. Petiole 0.51.5 cm, puberulous; leaf blade Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. ovate to ovate-elliptic, 510 × 35 cm, base broadly cuneate to ± Louis cordate, margin serrate, apex acuminate to narrowly acuminate; 3- veined from base; secondary veins 610 on each side of midvein, extending to margin, each ending in a tooth." 402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes [Potentially. Demonstrated in laboratory setting] The effects of allelopathy of Aphananthe aspera on the physiological activities of masson pine seedling was studied, using the biological identification method with litter extract solution. The results showed that He, P. Y., & Ding, G. J. (2007). Effects of allelopathy of the chlorophyll content and cell membrane permeability of the receptor aqueous extract of Aphananthe aspera on physiological plant were increased with different treatments of the donor; but activities of Pinus massoniana seedling. Journal of were reduced on photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. The Guizhou Normal University (Natural Sciences), 4, 003 nitrogen and phosphorus absorption of donor Aphananthe aspera presented a trend of promotion in low concentration and an inhibition in high concentration, on the potassium absorption they expressed a certain accelerative effect." 403 Parasitic n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven,P.H.