2019 March Ministry of Transport and Roads Of Kyrgyz Republic COUNTERMEASURES MANUAL FOR ROAD DISASTER PREVENTION COUNTERMEASURES MANUAL FOR ROAD DISASTER PREVENTION Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Outline of Road Disaster Prevention Management System in Kyrgyz ......................................... 1-1 CHAPTER 2 TYPE OF ROAD DISASTERS ........................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Classification and Type of Occurrence of Road Disasters ............................................................ 2-1 2.1.1 Rockfall .................................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.2 Landslide ................................................................................................................................ 2-3 2.1.3 Slope Collapse ........................................................................................................................ 2-6 2.1.4 Debris Flow ............................................................................................................................ 2-8 2.1.5 Riverbank Erosion .................................................................................................................. 2-9 2.1.6 Avalanche ............................................................................................................................. 2-10 2.1.7 Snowdrift .............................................................................................................................. 2-17 CHAPTER 3 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST ROCKFALL ........................................................... 3-1 3.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Selection of Countermeasures ....................................................................................................... 3-2 3.2.1 Classification of Countermeasures ......................................................................................... 3-2 3.2.2 Criteria for Selection of Countermeasures ............................................................................. 3-4 3.3 Structural Detail of Main Countermeasures .................................................................................. 3-5 3.3.1 Rock fall protection work (mitigating the damage by rock fall) ............................................ 3-5 3.3.2 Rock Fall prevention work (addressing the sources of rock fall) ........................................... 3-9 CHAPTER 4 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST LANDSLIDE ......................................................... 4-1 4.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Selection of Countermeasures ....................................................................................................... 4-2 4.2.1 Classification of Countermeasures ......................................................................................... 4-2 4.2.2 Criteria for Selection of Countermeasures ............................................................................. 4-4 4.3 Structural Detail of Main Countermeasures .................................................................................. 4-5 4.3.1 Control works ......................................................................................................................... 4-5 4.3.2 Prevention works .................................................................................................................... 4-7 CHAPTER 5 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST SLOPE COLLAPSE .............................................. 5-1 5.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Selection of Countermeasures ....................................................................................................... 5-2 5.2.1 Classification of Countermeasures ......................................................................................... 5-2 5.2.2 Criteria for Selection of Countermeasures ............................................................................. 5-2 5.3 Structural Detail of Main Countermeasures .................................................................................. 5-4 5.3.1 Reinforced earth work ............................................................................................................ 5-4 5.3.2 Grating crib work ................................................................................................................... 5-6 5.3.3 Mortar and Concrete Spraying ............................................................................................... 5-6 5.3.4 Concrete Pitching ................................................................................................................... 5-7 i COUNTERMEASURES MANUAL FOR ROAD DISASTER PREVENTION CHAPTER 6 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST DEBRIS FLOW ..................................................... 6-1 6.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Selection of Countermeasures ....................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2.1 Classification of Countermeasures ......................................................................................... 6-1 6.2.2 Criteria for Selection of Countermeasures ............................................................................. 6-5 6.3 Structural Detail of Main Countermeasures .................................................................................. 6-6 6.3.1 Sabo Dam ............................................................................................................................... 6-6 6.3.2 Causeway ................................................................................................................................ 6-9 CHAPTER 7 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST RIVERBANK EROSION ...................................... 7-1 7.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Selection of Countermeasures ....................................................................................................... 7-2 7.2.1 Classification of Countermeasures ......................................................................................... 7-2 7.2.2 Revetment ............................................................................................................................... 7-2 7.2.3 Foot Protection ....................................................................................................................... 7-4 7.2.4 Spur Dike ................................................................................................................................ 7-4 7.2.5 Criteria for Selection of Countermeasures ........................................................................... 7-10 7.3 Structural Detail of Main Countermeasures ................................................................................ 7-11 7.3.1 Revetment and Foot Protection ............................................................................................ 7-11 7.3.2 Spur Dike .............................................................................................................................. 7-13 CHAPTER 8 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST AVALANCHE ........................................................ 8-1 8.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 Selection of Countermeasures ....................................................................................................... 8-1 8.2.1 Classification of Countermeasures ......................................................................................... 8-1 8.2.2 Earthworks as protective measures ......................................................................................... 8-6 8.3 Structural Detail of Main Countermeasures ................................................................................ 8-11 8.3.1 Terracing ............................................................................................................................... 8-11 8.3.2 Earth embankment (protection structure) ............................................................................. 8-13 8.3.3 Avalanche retarders .............................................................................................................. 8-15 8.3.4 Other measures ..................................................................................................................... 8-21 CHAPTER 9 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST SNOWDRIFT ........................................................ 9-1 9.1 General .........................................................................................................................................