Educational Research: Agenda How to set up experiments in your classroom and write a publication about it ! Scholarship of teaching ! Mixed methods Research design ! Selection and operationalization of variables ! Qualitative Research methods Erik de Graaff UCPBL [email protected] 2 © SLP-gruppen, Aalborg Universitet Time table Approximate+ Topic+ The relationship Time+ between teaching and +9.00+ Opening+and+Introduction:+ research 10.15+ Presentation:+Scholarship+of+Teaching+and+Classroom+ Research++ 11.00+ Break+ 11.15+ Assignment:+Formulating+research+questions+ 12.30+ Lunch+break+ 14.00+ Assignment:+Applied+research+in+higher+education+ The first doctor 14.30+ Presentations:+Design+of+a+classroom+experiment+ Thomas Aquinas 15.30+ Discussion:+Publishing+educational+research+ 16.00+ Conclusion+ Bologna, Italy, + thirteenth century 3 Teaching and Research Scholarship of Teaching Ernest Boyer, 1990 • Teachers at a University are researchers in their own discipline discovery integration • Their conception of research methodology is determined by their own discipline Scholarship • Research on Teaching and Learning is related to of social sciences like Psychology and Pedagogy Teaching • In order to do this kind of research the methodological rules from these branches of science application must be understood teaching 5 6 1 In Germany Classroom research Hochschuldidaktik University of Stuttgart • Start with a research question • Is there other research on this topic? https://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hd/hochschuldidaktik/ • What kind of data can you use to answer your scholarship/index.html question? Comparatively small numbers, so qualitative or mixed-methods research is usually most appropriate 7 8 Creswell’s frame for research design Strategies of inquiry Philosophical Quantitative Qualitative Mixed methods worldviews • Experimental • Discourse analysis • Sequential design • Ethnographic or • Concurrent • Non-experimental naturalistic RESEARCH DESIGNS designs research • Transformative Qualita>ve • Questionaires • Phenomenography Quan>ta>ve • Statistics • Narratives Mixed methods • Case study Strategies of Research • Action research Inquiry methods Methods - examples Research Design Quantitative methods Quan%tave Qualitave • Measurements aiming to confirm or reject hypothesis using statistics Ques%onaires Interview Test Observaon Qualitative methods Document analysis • Descriptions of unique events or scales reflecting Interview subjective impressions Observaon Ques%onaires Document analysis Test Mixed methods • The best of both worlds, but beware of… mixed up methods 12 2 Phases in a research project Qualitative Research methodologies Phase Activity Overview composed by Ron Ulseth, based on Case 1. Problem definition research question & hypothesis and Light (2011) and Crotty (1988), including all of 2. Research design definition of the variables the methods listed in the Sage Encyclopedia of Social 3. Instrumentalisation choice of instruments Science Research Methods (Sandelowski, 2004). 4. Data gathering experiment, fieldwork 5. Data processing analysis 6. Interpretation evaluation & report 14 Qualitative Research methodologies Qualitative Research methodologies Methodology Description Methodology Description Characterization of the different ways in which Data from the research study is used to establish new Phenomenography people experience or think about a phenomenon. Grounded theory theory through identifying patterns and processes. Outcomes include the distinct categories of the Can be used to challenge preconceptions and allows differing experiences. for new developments. Analysis of a single case of a phenomenon. Includes Case study connecting that case to the specific, unique Characterization of people and cultures through close Ethnography circumstances in which the case is set. observation, often through immersion in the culture. Analysis of the language used in the wide variety of Data collected through observations, structured Discourse analysis communications (verbal, written, graphic, numeric) interviews, unstructured conversations, etc. between people. Study of how people make sense of a phenomenon Dual focus on doing research while continuously Narrative analysis by analysing the stories or narratives they use to Action research improving the practice being studied. Defined by describe it. collaboration and community involvement. 15 16 Qualitative Research methodologies Any questions left unanswered ???? Methodology Description Study of how people experience a phenomenon Phenomenological without evaluating the experience or explaining research why it happens. Contrasts with phenomenography in that phenomenography seeks differences between individuals. Heuristic inquiry Study in phenomenological approach that looks specifically at the individual experience of the researcher. Design-based research A methodology that integrates the dual purposed of design of new educational methods with research on the implementation. Mixed methods are often used in data collection. 17 18 3 .