Qiang-Sheng Wu Editor Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Stress Tolerance of Plants Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Stress Tolerance of Plants Qiang-Sheng Wu Editor Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Stress Tolerance of Plants Editor Qiang-Sheng Wu College of Horticulture and Gardening Yangtze University Jingzhou, Hubei, China Institute of Root Biology Yangtze University Jingzhou, Hubei, China Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic ISBN 978-981-10-4114-3 ISBN 978-981-10-4115-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4115-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936364 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a kind of ancient soil microorganisms, have existed in various ecological soils for almost 400 million years old. These fungi can form mutualistic relationships with over 80% of land’s plants, namely, arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs). This symbiosis is the most common mycorrhizal association in natural ecosystems and partly undertakes the absorption and delivery of mineral nutrients and water from the soil to the host plant by mycorrhizal hyphae. Additionally, AMs represent many benefits for the fungal partner, including enhancement of tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, growth improvement, mod- ulation of ecosystem resilience, and maintenance and improvement of soil structure. Therefore, the AMs are critical for plant health, survival, and restoration in native ecosystems and good soil structure. AMF, as well as plants, are often exposed to all or many of abiotic and biotic stresses, including extreme temperature, pH, drought stress, waterlogging stress, toxic metals, soil pathogens, etc. Studies in the past indicated a quick response of AMF to these stresses by several mechanisms, such as root morphological modifi- cation, reactive oxygen species change, osmotic adjustment, direct absorption of water by extraradical hyphae, upregulated expression of relevant stressed genes, release of glomalin-related soil protein, etc. The underlying strategy under mycor- rhization to cope with stresses is involved in morphological, physiological, bio- chemical, and molecular processes, which is a complex network in multiple dimensions. The AMF responses are often associated with homeostatic regulation of internal and external environments. From 2002, I and my team worked at the mycorrhizal functioning in drought tolerance of plants in China. I realized that mycorrhizal researches on stresses are a hard work. Until now, I have evaluated mycorrhizal roles in alleviating drought stress, temperature stress, waterlogging, and salt stress. I realize that the relevant books are important for mycorrhizal researchers. Hence, I have begun launching the edition of this book in Feb. 2016. The book was approved by Springer in May 2016. Here, I sincerely thank our contributing authors for their outstanding cooperation to write selflessly these valuable chapters. I also thank the editors of Springer, Prasad Gurunadham, Yu Zhu, and Xiao-Jin Huang, who spent much time publishing this v vi Preface book. I really appreciate my PhD tutor, Prof. Ren-Xue Xia, from Huazhong Agricultural University, for introducing me to the mycorrhizal research field. Finally, I sincerely thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372017; 30800747), the Plan in Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Outstanding Young, Hubei Provincial Department of Education (T201604), the Key Project from Ministry of Education (211107), the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2012FFA001), and the Science-Technology Project from Hubei Provincial Department of Education (Q20111301) to provide the fund for mycorrhizal researches. I hope that this book can help use AMF more efficiently as a biostimulant to enhance stress tolerance in the host plants. Jingzhou, Hubei, China Qiang-Sheng Wu Contents 1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: An Overview................................................. 1 Sajid Mahmood Nadeem, Muhammad Yahya Khan, Muhammad Rashid Waqas, Rana Binyamin, Sohail Akhtar, and Zahir Ahmad Zahir 2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Tolerance of Drought Stress in Plants...................................................................... 25 Qiang-Sheng Wu and Ying-Ning Zou 3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Tolerance of Waterlogging Stress in Plants............................................................. 43 Faisal Danu Tuheteru and Qiang-Sheng Wu 4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Tolerance of Salt Stress in Plants............................................................................. 67 Bhawna Saxena, Kamlesh Shukla, and Bhoopander Giri 5 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Adaption of P Stress in Plants.................................................................................................... 99 Bo Shu and Qiang-Sheng Wu 6 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Tolerance of Fe Stress in Plants.................................................................................................... 131 Yong-Ming Huang and Qiang-Sheng Wu 7 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants.................................................................................................... 147 Mohammad Miransari 8 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Tolerance of Temperature Stress in Plants.............................................................. 163 Xiancan Zhu, Fengbin Song, and Fulai Liu vii viii Contents 9 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Potential Bioprotectants Against Aerial Phytopathogens and Pests.................... 195 M. Comby, G. Mustafa, M. Magnin-Robert, B. Randoux, J. Fontaine, Ph. Reignault, and A. Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui 10 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Reactive Oxygen Species........................ 225 Rupam Kapoor and Neeraja Singh 11 Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Ecosystem Restoration.......................... 245 Fayuan Wang 12 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth on Serpentine Soils................................................................................... 293 Husna, Faisal Danu Tuheteru, and Asrianti Arif 13 Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi into Agriculture......... 305 Ibrahim Ortaş, Mazhar Rafique, andİ brahim A.M. Ahmed About the Editor Qiang-Sheng Wu received his PhD in pomology from Huazhong Agricultural University in 2006. Now, he is working as a professor at the College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, and as an administrative director at the Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University. In addition, Dr. Wu is an invited professor at the Univerzita Hradec Králové. Professor Wu focused on the arbuscular mycorrhizal researches in fruit trees. He concerns the functioning and physiology of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant and soil, especially in citrus plants. At present, he works at the research in the signaling communication by com- mon mycorrhizal network, the functioning and evalua- tion of glomalin-related soil protein, the physiology-molecular­ mechanisms about mycorrhiza-enhanced tolerance of drought stress and salt stress, and the relation- ship between mycorrhizas and root morphology or root hairs. Until now, he has published one book titled Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Research and Application of Horticultural Plants and five chapters of relevant books. He published more than 60 papers in the international popular journals, such as Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Scientific Reports, Mycorrhiza, Applied Soil Ecology, Soil and Tillage Research, Frontiers in Microbiology, PLoS One, Fungal Ecology, Journal of Plant Physiology, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, European Journal of Soil Biology, Scientia Horticulturae, etc. He also published more than 30 papers in Chinese journals. He is invited as reviewers to review lots of manuscripts from popular journals, including Applied Soil Ecology, Environmental and Experimental Botany, Microbial Ecology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, European Journal of Soil Biology, Scientia Horticulturae, Plant Biology, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Functional Plant Biology, etc. ix x About the