Urban Transport of China No. 03 Citation: Lee Chee Chiew. Policing Strategies on Road Safety Management in Metropolis: Singapore's Experience in Road Safety Education [J], Urban Transport of China, 2018 (03): 52–61. Policing Strategies on Road Safety Management in Metropolis: Singapore's Experi- ence in Road Safety Education Lee Chee Chiew Singapore Police Force, Singapore 698928, Singapore Abstract: This paper provides an outline of Singapore’s experience in promoting road safety, through the imple- mentation of various initiatives that aim to build and foster a culture of road safety and courtesy among road users. All these new initiatives collectively form the “Safer Roads Singapore” Action Plan, and the action plan rests on the principle that “Every life matters”, and one life lost is one too many. These initiatives are formulated based on the Traffic Police’s three-pronged approach towards road safety—namely, Enforcement, Engagement, and Educa- tion—which has enabled it to gradually reduce the number of road fatalities in Singapore over the last decade. Since the implementation of this Action Plan in 2013, TP has seen further improvement in road fatalities. TP will continue to pursue its strategy in a bid to keep road fatalities low and to ensure safer roads for all, amidst a challenging oper- ating environment. DOI: 10.13813/j.cn11-5141/u.2018.0308-en Keywords: road safety; enforcement, education & engagement; Singapore 1 Background stakeholders, and education of all road users. TP seeks to achieve further improvements in road fatalities through the (1) implementation of the “Safer Roads Singapore” Action Singapore has a human population of about 5.6 million and a land area of 719.2 km2, with a total public paved road Plan. length of 9 310 lane-kilometers. There are about 0.9 million registered motor vehicles, and 1.8 million motorcar and motorcycle license holders (see Table 1 and Table 2). 2 Introduction of Traffic Police In spite of an increase in human population (and there- fore in the number of road users) in Singapore 1.3% from 5 2.1 Responsibilities 535 000 in mid-2015 to 5 607 300 in mid-2016, the traffic TP, a department in the Singapore Police Force (SPF) fatality rate per 100 000 human population for 2016 is 2.51, which comes under the ambit of the Ministry of Home Af- lower when compared with the rate of 2.73 recorded in fairs, is responsible for the enforcement of traffic laws in 2015. Generally, Singapore’s fatality rate over the past dec- Singapore. TP also investigates into road traffic accidents, ade (2007 to 2016) is also declining (see Figure 1). Com- license all drivers and educates all road users on road safety. pared with other developed countries such as Japan and Switzerland, Singapore’s fatality rate of 2.51 in 2016 can be 2.2 Mission considered as favorable (see Table 3). Compared with other The mission of TP is to uphold law and order on the city states, Singapore’s road traffic accident fatality rate is roads of Singapore and to promote road safety by shaping also relatively favorable (see Table 4). The Traffic Police (TP) in Singapore plays a critical role positive road-use behavior, thus ensuring that all motorists have the required skills to operate motor vehicles safely. TP in helping Singapore to achieve these remarkable results aims to be protectors of lives on the roads, champions of and to enhance the safety of road users in this challenging road safety and at the same time be a vibrant organization operating environment, through enforcement of traffic rules that places great value on its main assets, TP Officers. and regulations, engagement with community partners and ______________________________________ Received: 2018-03-01 First author: Lee Chee Chiew (1958–), from Singapore, deputy assistant commissioner, deputy commander of the police training com- mand, Singapore police force, executive director of Singapore road safety council, main focus areas: community policing, traffic manage- ment and road safety. E-mail: [email protected] © 2018 China Academic Journals (CD Edition) Electronic Publishing House Co., Ltd. Table 3 International Comparisons of Road Traffic Accident Fatality Rate per1 0 0 000 Human Population Table 1 Statistics on Singapore Vehicle Population from 2012 to 2016 Table 4 Major Cities/States/Territories Comparisons of Road Traffic Accident Fatality Rate per 100 000 Human Population Source: http://www.data.gov.sg. Table 2 Statistics on Singapore Driving Licence Holders from 2012 to 2016 Note: Each license holder may have more than one class of driving license; 3 Overview of “Safer Roads Singapore” Class 3C and 3CA were introduced on June 1, 2015. Source: http://www.data.gov.sg Safer Roads Singapore (SRS)—launched in March 2013 © 2018 China Academic Journals (CD Edition) Electronic Publishing House Co., Ltd. by then Second Minister of Home Affairs and Second Min- ister of Trade and Industry, Mr S Iswaran—is a concerted Action Plan initiated by SPF and it involves TP, its partners and the community, to improve the safety of our roads and road users. The SRS Action Plan builds on the three key thrusts of TP’s strategy: Enforcement, Engagement, and Education. The vision of SRS is for a culture of safe and courteous road use to be ingrained in all road users in Sin- gapore, so that safe and courteous road use is instinctive and habitual. TP has continuously gone by the three-pronged approach for its efforts and multiple initiatives on road safety over the past few years. Aside from being seen as ‘enforcers’ of the roads, TP uses all three approaches in hopes to bring about a positive mind set, attitudinal and behavioral change among Figure 1 Traffic accident fatality rates per 100 000 human pop- road users where the road environment and culture is safe ulation from 2007 to 2016 for all. Source: Singapore Traffic Police 4.2 Digitization and increase in enforcement 4 Enforcement cameras There are about 280 digital red light and speed enforce- Under the SRS Action Plan, a key set of initiatives is fo- ment cameras deployed island-wide. TP has been constantly cused enabling TP to carry out effective enforcement of leveraging on traffic enforcement technologies to multiply road traffic laws. The intent is to target errant drivers and the effectiveness of limited resources, such as using various the more egregious traffic violations, although TP views all traffic enforcement cameras. traffic offences and lapses in road safety seriously. This will The use of digital technology will increase the probabil- be achieved by increasing TP’s enforcement resources, as ity of detection as the enhanced capabilities of the digital well as leveraging technology to multiply the effectiveness traffic enforcement cameras can better identify the of- of limited resources. Patrol officers will be able to strike a fend-ing vehicles. It can also eradicate the issue of wet-film balance between attending to accident messages and per- run-ning out. The new cameras will also have the ability to forming enforcement rounds. The deployment of Auxiliary transmit images wirelessly. As such, TP’s lead time for Police Officers (APOs) will allow areas of complaints (of pro-cessing of such summonses is also shorter and the traf- traffic offences) by members of public to be visited more fic offenders can receive their summonses more quickly, so frequently. motorists have the opportunity to rectify their errant road In addition to boosting strategic resources and capabili- user behavior more promptly and effectively. ties, TP also revised its Demerit Improvement Points Sys- To further strengthen TP’s capability against speedsters, tem (DIPS) to ensure greater consistency in giving timely TP operationalized and upgraded several new speed en- punishment for offenders facing a mandatory 1-week sus- forcement systems in 2016 and will be procuring more pension of their driving licenses. TP will ensure that penal- cameras in the coming years. Several types of cameras ap- ties remain fair in the context of increased enforcement plied by TP are as following. action. These measures will benefit the majority of motor- 1) Mobile Speed Cameras (MSCs), functions like a mo- ists, while ensuring that reckless and recalcitrant offenders bile digital speed enforcement camera, with wireless trans- are firmly dealt with. More details of various enforcement mission of violation images back to TP for processing. initiatives under the SRS Action Plan are elaborated below. MSCs can be readily deployed and redeployed within short 4.1 Covert enforcement operations notice at locations plagued with speeding issues to deter and detect against such violations. Since 2016, TP’s Special Operations Team (SOT) started 2) Police Video Speed Cameras (PVSCs), will be conducting covert enforcement operations using “stealth” de-ployed for ad-hoc anti-speeding operations. This tech- (unmarked) motorcars and motorcycles to clamp down on nology is highly portable and can be carried by TP’s mo- errant motorists who commit common traffic violations torcycles (two-wheelers). An improvement of PVSCs over such as making illegal U-turns, using mobile phones while the conventional speed laser guns is that they are equipped driving, failure to keep left and weaving across lanes in a with photo and video-recording capabilities to better identi- reckless manner. These covert enforcement initiatives com- fy the violation vehicles. plement the highly visible enforcement cameras in deterring 3) Police Speed Laser Cameras (PSLCs) is part of TP’s careless or inconsiderate driving/riding behavior. new arsenal against speeding offenders. Equipped with © 2018 China Academic Journals (CD Edition) Electronic Publishing House Co., Ltd. longer battery life to support prolonged anti-speeding de- violations, and to respond to accidents. In order to perform ployments at locations plagued with speeding issues, PSLCs their duties, Patrol Officers are equipped with Yamaha Di- are capable of identifying and tracking speeding targets at a version 900 cc motorcycles as well as Yamaha NXC 125 longer distance than current cameras.