THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY REFERENCE CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Tan- Thamar by James Strong & John McClintock To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Rio, WI USA Version 1.0 © 2000 2 Tan SEE DRAGON. Ta’nach (<062125>Joshua 21:25). SEE TAANACH. Tanaim SEE SCRIBES, JEWISH. Tanchelm (TANCHELIN, TANQUELIN), a fanatic who lived in the 11th century, and was identified with the opposition current in that age against the ecclesiasticism then prevailing. We are told that he despised the Church and the clergy, from the pope downward, and claimed that the true Church inhered in him and his followers; that the priestly station has no influence upon the sacrament of the eucharist, worth and sanctity being the only efficient qualifications of the minister. He declared himself to be possessed of the Holy Ghost, and even to be God, as Christ is God; and he affianced himself with the Virgin Mary, whose image he presented to the vision of the assembled multitude, demanding sponsalia, which were readily contributed. Water in which he had bathed was distributed for drinking purposes, with the assurance that its use formed a sacred and powerful sacrament to the good of the body as well as the soul. Tanchelm’s followers were chiefly drawn from the lower classes of society, and were mostly women. His operations were carried on along the coast of the Netherlands, and particularly in Utrecht, where disturbances were occasioned which called forth the successful interference of archbishop Frederick of Cologne. Tanchelm then removed to Bruges and Antwerp, where he caused still greater tumults than at Utrecht, and was killed on shipboard by a priest in A.D. 1124 or-1125. His sect continued to exist somewhat longer, but was ultimately scattered or reclaimed to the Church. See Hahn, Gesch. d. Ketzer in Mittelalter (Stuttg. 1845), 1, 459 sq.; Okken, Diss. de Priva Rel. Christ. Med. Evo inter Nederlandos, etc. (Groning. 1846), p. 43 sq.; Ep. Traj. Eccl. ad Fridericum, Archiepiscopum Colon., in Tengnagel, Coll. Vet. Monum. contra Schismaticos (Ingolst. 1612), p. 368 sq.; Du Plessis d’Argentre, Coll. Jud. de Novis Erroribus, etc. (Paris, 1728), 1, 11 sq. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s.v. 3 Tanchelmians SEE TANCHELM. Tanchum (OF JERUSALEM) BEN-JOSEF, also called “R. Tanchum Jerushalmi” of Haleb, flourished about A.D. 1265-80. The first who made Tanchum’s name known to the learned world was the famous scholar Schnurrer, who in 1791 published ch. 1-12 of Tanchum’s Arabic commentary on Judges: R. Tanchumi Hierosolymitani ad Libros V. T. Commentarii Arabici Specimen una cum Annotationibus ad aliquot Loca Libri Judicum (Tübingen, 1791). Since that time his exegetical works have been brought to light, though nothing of his life is known except that he must have lived shortly after the devastation of Palestine by the Mongolians, A.D. 1260. He wrote a commentary in Arabic on the whole Old Test., entitled ˆaybla batk, i.e. The Book of Exposition, of which the following are still extant in MS. at the Bodleian Library: a. the commentary on the earlier prophets, i.e. Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings (Cod. Pocock 314); b. commentaries on Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the minor prophets (Cod. Pocock 344); c. commentaries on the five Megilloth (i.e. Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations. Ecclesiastes, and Esther) and Daniel (Cod. Pocock 320); d. twrfphla jrçla batk, i.e. The Haphtaroth, or Lessons from the Prophets, translated into Arabic (Cod. Hunt. 607). These commentaries are preceded by elaborate introductions treating on the general import of Holy Writ. Besides the commentary on Lamentations, ˆaybla batk ˆm twnyq rps jrç, which has been edited by W. Cureton, Tanchumi Hierosolymitani Comm. Arabicus in Lamentationes e Codice unico Bodleiano Literis Hebraicis exarato. Descripsit Charactere Arabico et edidit (Lond. 1843), the following portions have been published: 1. Commentary on Joshua, edited by Haarbrücker, in the Wissenschtciliche Blatter aus der Veitel-Heine-Ephraim’schen Lehranstalt (Berlin, 1862); 2. on Judges, in part by Schnurrer, ch. 1-12, and ch. 13-21 by Haarbrucker (Halle, 1847); 3. on Samuel and Kings, by Haarbrücker (Leipsic, 1844); 4. on Habakkuk, with a French translation by Dr. Munk (Paris, 1843, in Cahen’s Bible, vol. 13). “R. Tanchum’s contributions to Biblical exegesis,” says Dr. Ginsburg, “are very important to its history. His commentaries are based upon the literal and grammatical meaning of the text. He frequently avails himself of the labors of Hai Gaon, Danash ibn-Librat, Ibn-Chajug, 4 Ibn-Ganach, Ibn-Ezra, Maimonides, etc.; rejects the traditional interpretations (comp. comm. on <071207>Judges 12:7; 20:28); transposes sundry portions of the sacred narratives, so as to point out their chronological order (comp. <071801>Judges 18:1; 20:28), and, like Maimonides, distinguishes different degrees and kinds of prophecy (comp. <070634>Judges 6:34; 13:1; 20:28).” He also wrote an Arabic Lexicon to the Mishna, entitled ypakla dçrmla, i.e. A Sufficient Guide, treating on the relation of the language of the Mishna and of Maimonides ald ha-Chazaka. There are four different MSS. of this work in the Bodleian Library, viz. Cod. Pocock 297, written by Saadia ben-Jacob in 1388; Cod. Hunt. 129, by Saadia ben-David in 1451; Cod. Hunt. 621, by Solomo ben-David ben- Binjamin in 1393; and Cod. Pocock 215. 216, 229, written in 1449. He also wrote a Grammar of the Old Test. Hebrew, quoted by Tanchum himself, but which has not yet come to light. See De Rossi, Dizionario Storico (Germ. transl.), p. 145 sq.; Kitto, Cyclop. s.v.; Furst, Bibl. Jud. 2, 56 sq.; Steinschneider, Catalogus Libr. Hebr. in Bibl. Bodl. col. 2666- 2669; Ewald, Beitrdge zur Gesch. d. dltesten Aisleguig u. Spracherklirung des A. Test. (Stuttgart, 1844), 1, 151 sq.; Gratz, Gesch. d. Juden (Leipsic, 1873), 7:144 sq.; Etheridge, Introd. to Heb. Literature, p. 44; Keil, Introd. to the Old Test. 2, 384 sq.; Bleek, Eiznleitugn in das Alte Test. p. 106; Goldziher, Studien über Tanchuns Jeruschalmi (Lei psic, 1870), Geiger, Judische Zeitschriff, 1862, p. 193; 1871, p. 199; Gratz, Monatsschrift, 1870, p. 239, 285; Zuchold, Bibliotheca Theologica, 2, 1306. (B. P.) Tanchuma ben-Abba who flourished A.D. 380, is the reputed author of the celebrated commentary on the Pentateuch called amwjnt çrdm, for which see the art. SEE MIDRASH. The latest edition is that published by E. Perlmutter (Stettin, 1864). See First, Bibl. Jud. 3, 409; Steinschneider, Catalogus Libr. Hebr. in Bibl. Bodl. col. 2669; Gratz, Gesch. der Juden, 4:458, 558; Wolf, Bibl. Hebr. i, 1159 sq.; 3, 1166 sq.; 4:1035; Zunz, Gottesd. Vortrdge (Berlin, 1832), p. 226-238; De Rossi, Dizionario Storico (Germ. transl.), p. 307; id. Annales Hebraeo-typographici, p. 24. (B. P.) Tancred, Christopher an English benefactor, was the son of Sir Richard Tancred, and died unmarried in 1754, leaving his house and estate at Whixley for the maintenance of twelve decayed gentlemen who had borne arms in the 5 service of their country. He also founded four medial exhibitions at Caius College; four in divinity at Christ’s College, Cambridge; and four law studentships at Lincoln’s Inn. Tancred of Bologna was a most celebrated canonist of the 13th century (who must not be confounded with another Tancred of Corneto; comp. De Savigny, Gesch. d. rom. Rechts im Mittelalter [2d ed.], 5, 135, and p. 115, 116). His preceptors were Azo in Roman and Laurentius in canon law. In 1210 he was himself a teacher (decretorum magister) at Bologna, and entrusted with the management of important affairs by both the pope and the city. He belonged to the Chapter of Bologna, and in 1226 was made archdeacon by Hoiorius III, which position then included among its duties the supervision of promotions in the university. The year of his decease is not known, but it must have been prior to 1236 as the archdeaconate is then found to be in other hands (see Sarti, De Claris Archigynynasii Bononiens. Professoribus, pars 2, fol. 28, 29, 36, 37, 181). His literary remains include a Summa de Matrimonio, written between 1210 and 1213; first published, with numerous interpolations, by Simon Schard (Cologne, 1563), and again, in revised form, by Wunderlich (Göttingen, 1841): — an OrdoJudiciarius (OrdinariusTancredi), written about 1214, and afterwards revised in 1225. 1234, and often by unknown scholars. It was formerly believed that this work originated in about 1227, but the earlier date is now accepted. An edition of the work in its original form was issued by Bergmann (ibid. 1842). Tancred’s lectures at Bologna were, among other matters, upon the collections of decretals received into the curriculum of Bologna after the close of Gratian’s collection, and resulted in Apparatus, or commentaries, on the first three compilations. He had no part, however, in the preparation of the fifth ancient compilation. In addition to the above, there is extant of Tancred’s works a manuscript list of bishoprics throughout the Church, arranged in the order of provinces (De Savigny, ut sup. p. 117, 118). See Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s.v. Tailred of Sicily the son of Eudes, a Norman baron, and of Emma, the sister of Robert Guiscard, was one of the celebrated heroes of the first Crusade, and was born after the middle of the 11th century. Some chroniclers profess to detail the events of his early life, describing him as the most accomplished 6 youth of his time in athletic and military exercises, and of a wisdom far surpassing that of men of mature years, and as a partisan of his cousin Bohemond in the quarrel with their uncle Roger of Sicily.