20_084908_bindex.qxp 2/24/09 3:08 PM Page 481 Index COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 20_084908_bindex.qxp 2/24/09 3:08 PM Page 482 (Previous page: Kung Fu Panda’s Shifu (Facing page: Office Noise characters. (Madagascar: Escape 2 AfricaTM and uses proven teaching techniques to © 2008 The Animation Workshop, © 2008 DreamWorks Animation LLC, make Po realize that he is a kung fu and Karsten Madsen, Mads Herman used with permission. Previous page: master. Notice the clear silhouettes, Johansen, Laerke Enemark, Torben S. Kung Fu PandaTM and © 2008 telling body language, and easy-to- Christensen.) DreamWorks Animation LLC, used read facial expressions.) with permission.) 482 INDEX 20_084908_bindex.qxp 2/24/09 3:08 PM Page 483 Index • A • Aliasing effects, 30, 82, 298, 300 329, 343–347 AAF file format, 468 and antialiasing, 282 file formats, 356–358 character. See Character Aardman Studios, 33 spatial, 281–282 getting ready, 358–360 animation Abel (Robert) and Associates, temporal, 282 getting started, 86–89 crowd, 394, 396, 400 19, 20, 21 Alias Research, 29 hand-drawn, 296 dynamics simulation, A/B roll editing, 448 Alien Song, 28, 29, 241 history of. See Computer 374–382 Absolute position, 343 Aligning, 148, 164 graphics, history of facial. See Facial animation Absolute values, 101 Alpha channel, 267, 437, 445 information sources, 16 flock, 383–386 Abyss, The, 20, 23 Altitude, 241 limited, 311–312 fundamental, 295–305 Academy of Motion Picture Ambient light, 222, in live action movies, 27, goal-oriented, 386–390 Arts and Sciences (AMPA), 229–230, 231, 239, 246 28, 32, 83 hierarchical structures, awards of, 5, 16, 26, 27, Ambient occlusion shading, multilayer, 24 352–354 29, 33 253 new principles of, hybrid, 363 Acceleration, 334, 375 Ambient reflectivity, 268 310–318 interactive, 396–403 Acclaim Entertainment, 26 AMC file, 358 nonlinear, 60 keyframe interpolation, Acoustic motion capture, 370 Amélie, 32, 33 performance, 297 333–337 Act, 299 American Beauty, 32 pioneers of, 4–5 keyframing, 298–299 Acting, 324 Anatomy of a character, 318 recording, 289 kinematics, forward, 297, Action Ancient World Revisited, The, rendering related to, 197 316, 337–342 overlapping, 307 25 rigging. See Rigging kinematics, inverse, 316, secondary, 309 Angelina Ballerina, 60 technical, 82 363–366 secondary action area, Angel Studios, 25 technical complexity of, of light, 222–223, 236–237 L’Anglaise et le Duc, 416 61–62 347–352 timing of, 300, 302, 309 Angle of mapping, 264 three-dimensional projects, motion capture. See Motion visual line of, 325 Angular straight lines, 434 22, 23–24, 25, 26–27, capture See also Motion Animated movies 29, 30, 62 motion control, 315–317, Action-based games, 402 digital feature, 5, 20–23, traditional principles of, 5, 422–423 Action safe areas, 475 25, 26–27, 30, 32–33, 54, 58, 304, 305–310 motion dynamics, Active camera, 204 35, 36, 77 units of, 299–300 316–317, 374 Adaptive approximation, 146 hand-drawn feature, 4, 77 See also Animation techniques; for motion rides, 397–401 Additive color system, 173, independent shorts, 22, Production, digital particle systems, 382–383 226, 230–231 29, 36, 60, 70 Animation Mother, 461 staging, 306–307 Administrative team, 68, 77 Animated painting look, 28 Animation blocking, 81 stop-motion, 296–297, Advanced Authoring Format Animated shorts, 22, 29, 36, Animation curves, 345 299 (AAF), 468 60, 70 Animation finaling, 82 timing of action, 300–302 Advent Children, 36 Animatics, 80, 360, 448 Animation links, 158 2D/3D integration, Aerial perspective, 284 Animation Animation score, 373 355–356 Age of Empires, 29 awards for, 5, 6, 26, 27, Animation supervisor, 407 See also Procedural animation Ahead of the story action, 33 Animation team, 74 Animatronics, 297 300 career tips, 89 Animation techniques, 78, Anime/animé, 311–312 Akeley, Kurt, 7 character. See Character 333–403 Antialiasing, 282 Aladdin, 26 animation animatronics, 297 Anticipation, 302, 305, 306 Alexeieff, Alexander, 4 defined, 295 anime, 311–312 ANTZ, 27, 82, 83, 394 early, 16–17 camera moves, 216–217, API (Application Program INDEX 483 20_084908_bindex.qxp 2/24/09 3:08 PM Page 484 Interface), 194 Avery, Tex, 4 Bio-Sensor, 21 nonuniform rational Apocalypto, 15 AVI file format, 467–468 Birds, and flock animation, (NURBS), 117, 118 Apple Computer, 14, 15 Axis/axes, 95, 102 383–386 Budget allocation, 64 Appleseed Saga Ex Machina, 36 Azimuth, 241 Birthday Boy, 33, 128, 210, Buff, 21 Applications software, 66 Azimuthal coordinate system, 318 Bug’s Life, A, 27, 29, 74, 146, Approval, in production 96, 103 Bitmap, 459 394 process, 62 Bitplanes, 458–459 Bullet-time, 424 Approved animation, 83 • B • Bits per second (bps), 473 Bump maps, 276–277, 280 Arcade games, 29, 402 Babylon 5, 25 Black Cauldron, The, 22 Bunnies, 201 Architectural visualizations, 25 Backdrops, 263 Blade Runner game, 353 Bunny, 29, 33, 67, 70, 182, Archival-quality digital prints, Back faces, 164 Blades of Glory, 35 183, 199, 208, 286, 294 470 Background Blair Witch Project, The, 12 Burning Love, 22 Arcs, 121, 308 color, 283, 284, 416 Bleeding Bushnell, Nolan, 20 Area of influence, 144 compositing, 356, 437 color, 182, 360 Business plan, 65 Area lights, 229 composition, 219 light, 232 BVA format, 358 Areas of illumination, 268 in hand-drawn animation, Blending BVH format, 358 Area subdivision, 178 296 image, 266–267, 268, By the deadline, 64 Areté software, 28 replacement, 417 447 Argentine, The, 15 and stage, 237–238 surfaces, 148, 149 • C • Ark, 36, 128 Background plates, 411 Blend motion, 315, 372 CADAM (Computer-aided Armageddon, 28 clean, 412 Blend shapes, 392 design and manufactur- Arriflex, 15 color graded, 413 Blinn, James, 7, 19 ing), 6, 8, 109–110 Arthur and the Invisibles, 35 Back light, 239, 243 Blobby surfaces, 21, 144, California Institute of Articulated chain, 161 Backups, digital, 85, 112, 375 Technology, 10 Articulated figures, 353, 364 289 Blueprints, 107, 110 Camera, 203–219 Articulated skeleton, 161 Backwards ray tracing, 180 Blue screen, 414, 416 animation, 216–217, 329, Artificial lights, 352 Baginski, Tomek, 33 Blue screen technology, 32 343–347 ASF file, 358 Bambi, 305 Blue Sky Studios, 21, 28, 29, compositing, -in-camera, Ashen game, 194 Bandwidth, 69, 477 35, 67 444 Aspect ratios, 206, 217, Banking motion, 345 Blur, motion, 282, 283, 288, digital, 258, 412 468–469, 470, 474 Banned from the Ranch, 28 289 dynamic, 219 Assassin’s Creed game, 219 Barbie in the Nutcracker, 32, Blu-ray Disc, 16, 476 getting ready, 217–219 Asterix in the Olympic Games, 33, 374 Blurring filters, 441 hand-held, 345 15, 36 Barndoors, 245 Blur Studios, 28 high definition digital, 12, Astro Boy, 36, 311 Barnyard, The, 35 BMP file format, 465 15 Atari, 20 Barr, Alan H., 7 Boeing, 8 and laser scanning, 157 ATI Technologies, 15 Basic tracks of motion, 366 Bolt, 35 lenses, 172, 214–216 Atlantis, 32, 355 Baston, 25 Boom, 104, 216, 344, 346 and lighting, 171–172 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Batman Forever, 28 Boss Films, 21 locked off, 413 Mode), 69 Batman Returns, 23, 25 Bounce light, 239 motion, 100, 103–104, Attention, audience, 302 Battle of Wits, 418 Boundary modeling 343–346 Attracting forces, 379 Beam angle, 232 techniques, 110 multiple views, 106–107, Attraction force, 144 Beast Wars, 230 Bounding boxes, 131–132, 360 Attributes, interpolation of, Beauty and the Beast, 26 381 narrow-angle, 15 336–337 Behind the story action, 300 Bounding volumes, 381 optical printer, 442 Audience Bekmambetov, Timur, 33 Bourne Ultimatum, The, 35 orientation of, 344 attention of, 302 Bell Laboratories, 8, 21 Branches, in hierarchy, 352 position, 208–209, 218, intended, 50 Bend joint, 354 Branching options, 54 343–344 participation, in motion Beowulf, 35, 318, 369, 371 Branch in parallel, 154 pyramid of vision, rides, 402 Bernhart, Walter, 8 BRDF (Bidirectional 204–208 Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) Best-practice guidelines, 64 Reflectance Distribution shake, 345 file format, 467–468 Betacam, 87 Function), 252, 267 shots, 208–214 Automated animation, 386 Beveling edges, 147, 148 Brightness, 440 stabilization, 414 Automatic collision detection, Bézier, Pierre, 7 Brightness values, 231, 270, time freeze, 424 381–382 Bézier curve, 117, 118, 140, 281 tracking, 84, 356, Automatic skin generation, 335, 336, 345 Brillia, 1, 2 413–414 162 Bidirectional Reflectance Brilliance (commercial), 21 types, 203–204 Autonomous characters, 386 Distribution Function Broads, 246, 247 virtual, 103, 203, 204, Avatar, 36 (BRDF), 252, 267 Broken hierarchy, 365 303, 343, 346 Avenging Fist, 407 Billboards, 134, 285–286 B-splines, 117, 118, 140, Camera reports, visual effects, Averaging, 258 Bingo, 27, 29, 120, 318 335–336, 345 412 484 INDEX 20_084908_bindex.qxp 2/24/09 3:08 PM Page 485 Cameron, James, 24, 36 poses of, 376 volumes, 131 without masks, 446–447 Candela, 224 realistic, 318 Collision path, 382 and rendering, 200 Capping, 120 shape and silhouette, Color Compositing and postpro- CAPS software, 23, 26 319–321, 326 additive and subtractive duction team, 74 Cardinal spline, 117, 118, stylized, 318 systems, 173, 226, 230 Compositing supervisor, 407 140, 335 See also Character animation; background, 283, 284, Composition Carpenter, Loren, 7, 19 Facial animation 416 dynamic image, 448–449 Cars, 35 Character sheets, 58, 318 bleeding, 182, 360 of still images, 217–219 Cartesian coordinate system, Character turnarounds, 58, calibration, 461 Compression, 14 95 318 chromatic range of, file format for, 14 Cartoon characters, 305, Cheats (hacks), 285 459–460 lossless, 462–463 309, 318 Chen, Sam, 33 clipping, 460 lossy, 462 CA