Healthy Child Manitoba 2012 Report on Manitoba’s Children and Youth a Healthy Child Manitoba 2012 Report on Manitoba’s Children and Youth Table of Contents A Message from Manitoba’s Healthy Child Committee of Cabinet .......................1 Executive Summary .................................................................................................3 How should I use this Report? ............................................................................................................3 What were the main fi ndings of this Report? ..................................................................................... 4 What data sources and measures were used for this Report? .......................................................5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: Introduction ...........................................................................................7 I. Healthy Child and Youth Development ..................................................................................8 II. Healthy Child Manitoba Strategy ............................................................................................ 8 III. Report on Manitoba’s Children and Youth ............................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Who are Manitoba’s children and youth? ...........................................10 I. Children and Youth as a Percentage of the Population .........................................................11 II. Birth Rate .................................................................................................................................12 III. Family Structure ...................................................................................................................... 13 IV. Ethnic, Cultural, and Language Identity .................................................................................14 Aboriginal Children and Youth in Manitoba ..................................................................................... 15 V. Children in Care ......................................................................................................................16 VI. Socioeconomic Status ............................................................................................................17 a) Poverty, low income, and income assistance ....................................................................18 b) Housing ..............................................................................................................................19 c) Food insecurity ....................................................................................................................21 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3: Prenatal ................................................................................................23 I. Physical Health during Pregnancy .........................................................................................24 a) Alcohol consumption and drug use during pregnancy ....................................................24 b) Tobacco use during pregnancy ......................................................................................... 26 c) Nutrition during pregnancy ...............................................................................................26 Table of Contents i II. Social and Emotional Health during Pregnancy ....................................................................27 a) Stress ...................................................................................................................................27 b) Social support .................................................................................................................... 28 c) Maternal mental health ..................................................................................................... 29 III. Demographic and Socio-Economic Factors in Pregnancy .................................................... 31 a) Age of mother ..................................................................................................................... 31 b) Socioeconomic status ........................................................................................................33 c) Prenatal care .......................................................................................................................34 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4: Early Childhood (Birth to Age 5) ..........................................................38 A. Physically and Emotionally Healthy (Early Childhood) ............................................................... 42 I. Physical health ....................................................................................................................... 42 a) Birth outcomes .................................................................................................................. 42 b) Nutrition ............................................................................................................................ 44 c) Oral Health .........................................................................................................................45 d) Immunization .....................................................................................................................45 The Early Development Instrument (EDI) .......................................................................................46 e) Physical health and well-being and school readiness ...................................................... 46 II. Emotional and mental health ................................................................................................ 47 Toxic Stress, brain development, and lifelong health ...................................................................... 48 a) Parental and family infl uences: .........................................................................................49 b) Hyperactive/inattentive behavior ......................................................................................50 c) Emotional maturity and readiness for school.................................................................... 51 B. Safe and Secure (Early Childhood) ...............................................................................................52 I. Safety .......................................................................................................................................52 a) Physical safety: Injuries and mortality ..............................................................................52 b) Safe families ........................................................................................................................54 c) Safe neighbourhoods ..........................................................................................................56 II. Security ....................................................................................................................................58 a) Income security ..................................................................................................................58 b) Food security ......................................................................................................................58 c) Emotional security and parenting ......................................................................................59 ii Table of Contents C. Successful at Learning (Early Childhood) .....................................................................................61 a) Early Learning and Child Care (ELCC) ...............................................................................61 b) Language and Vocabulary ................................................................................................. 62 c) Numeracy ........................................................................................................................... 64 d) School readiness ................................................................................................................65 e) Cultural and other learning ...............................................................................................66 D. Socially Engaged and Responsible (Early Childhood) ................................................................ 68 I. Socially engaged ..................................................................................................................... 68 II. Socially responsible................................................................................................................69 a) Aggression .........................................................................................................................69 b) Social competence .............................................................................................................71 Summary ............................................................................................................................................72 Chapter 5: Middle Childhood (Ages 6-12 years/Grades 1-6) ................................74 A) Physically and Emotionally Healthy (Middle Childhood)