GRADE 8 MAKING A LIVING STRAND 3 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COURSE BOOK 3 Name : _____________________________________________ Address : _____________________________________________ District / : _____________________________________________ Province _____________________________________________ FLEXIBLE OPEN AND DISTANCE EDUCATION PRIVATE MAIL BAG, P.O.WAIGANI, NCD DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PAPUA NEW GUINEA Compiled by : Ursula Miria Department Editors : Lucy Joseph Doris Payok Subject Team Editors : Armstrong Rupa Celine Vavetaovi Loretta Mekesi Margaret Kakas -Warupi GR 8 MAL S3 1 TITLE PAGE GRADE 8 MAKING A LIVING STRAND 3 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT In this strand you will learn; SUBSTRAND 1: KNOWING YOUR COMMUNITIES SUBSTRAND 2: COMMUNICATION SUBSTRAND 3: COMMUNITY PROJECTS GR 8 MAL S3 2 ISBN & COPYRIGHT Acknowledgements We acknowledge the contributions of all Primary Teachers who in one way or another helped to develop this course. Our profound gratitude goes to the former Principal, Mr Demas Tongogo for leading FODE team towards this great achievement. Special thanks to the staff of MAL and Business Studies Department of FODE who played an active role in coordinating writing workshops, outsourcing lesson writing and editing processes. We also acknowledge the professional guidance provided by Curriculum and Development Assessment Division throughout the processes of writing and, the services given by member of the Primary Section and Academic Committees. The Course Book was developed with the support and funding of the GO- PNG FODE World Bank Project. DIANA TEIT AKIS PRINCIPAL Published in 2017 by the Flexible, Open and Distance Education © Copyright 2017, Department of Education, Papua New Guinea All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means of electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher. Printed by the Flexible, Open and Distance Education ISBN 978 – 9980 – 87 –230-2 National Library and Archives services of Papua New Guin TABLE OF CONTENTS GR 8 MAL S3 3 INTRODUCTION Strand Introduction.………………………………………………………………………………….. 05 Study Guide…………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 Substrand 1: Knowing Your Communities……………………………………………………… 09 Substrand Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 10 Lesson 1: Knowledge of Local Communities ……………………………....................... 13 Lesson 1: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 20 Lesson 2: National and International Resources Available for Community Development…………………………………………………………………….. 22 Lesson 2: Supplementary Readings ……………………………………………………… 29 Lesson 3: Sustainable Development Practices …………………………....................... 35 Lesson 3: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 42 Lesson 4: Economic and Social Opportunities in the Community ……………………. 44 Lesson 4: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 49 Lesson 5: Community Development Initiatives …………………………………………. 52 Lesson 5: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 61 Lesson 6: Local and Global Issues in the Community…………………………………. 63 Lesson 6: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 71 Answers to Practice Exercises 1- 6…………………………………………………… 75-82 Substrand 2: Communication……………………………………………………………………… 83 Substrand Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 84 Lesson 7: Community Concerns and Issues ……………………………....................... 85 Lesson 7: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 93 Lesson 8: Community Skills in Community Awareness ………………………………… 95 Lesson 8: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 102 Lesson 9: Carrying out Community Awareness …………………………………………. 107 Lesson 9: Supplementary Readings……………………………………………………… 113 Answers to Practice Exercises 7- 9…………………………………………………… 117-120 Substrand 3: Community Projects…………………………………………………...................... 121 Substrand Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 122 Lesson 10: Enterprising Projects …………………………………………………………. 123 Lesson 10: Supplementary Readings…………………………………………………….. 130 Lesson 11: Principles of Planning and Running an Enterprise ………………………. 132 Lesson 11: Supplementary Readings…………………………………………………….. 140 Lesson 12: Planning a Small Enterprising Project ……………………………………… 143 Lesson 12: Supplementary Readings…………………………………………………….. 150 Lesson 13: Project Plan Assessment………………………………………………….….. 152 Lesson 13: Supplementary Readings…………………………………………………….. 158 Answers to Practice Exercises 10- 13………………………………………………….161-166 ………………………………………………..167-180 Answers to Strand 3 Lesson Activities References ………………………………………………………………………………………181 GR 8 MAL S3 4 MESSAGE SECRETARY’S MESSAGE Achieving a better future by individual students and their families, communities or the nation as a whole, depends on the kind of curriculum and the way it is delivered. This course is part and parcel of the new reformed curriculum. The learning outcomes are student – centred and allow them to be demonstrated, assessed or measured. It maintains the rationale, goals, aims and principles of the national curriculum and identifies the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that students should achieve. This is a provision by Flexible, Open and Distance Education as an alternative pathway of formal education. The course promotes Papua New Guinea values and beliefs which are found in our Constitution, Government policies and reports. It is developed in line with the National Education Plan (2005 -2014) and addresses an increase in the number of school leavers which has been coupled with a lack of access to secondary and higher educational institutions. Flexible, Open and Distance Education curriculum is guided by the Department of Education’s Mission which is fivefold: To facilitate and promote the integral development of every individual To develop and encourage an education system which satisfies the requirements of Papua New Guinea and its people To establish, preserve and improve standards of education throughout Papua New Guinea To make the benefits of such education available as widely as possible to all of the people To make the education accessible to the poor and physically, mentally and socially handicapped as well as to those who are educationally disadvantaged. The college is enhanced to provide alternative and comparable pathways for students and adults to complete their education through a one system, many pathways and same outcomes. It is our vision that Papua New Guineans harness all appropriate and affordable technologies to pursue this program. I commend all those teachers, curriculum writers and instructional designers who have contributed so much in developing this course. GR 8 MAL S3 5 INTRODUCTION STRAND 3: INTRODUCTION Welcome to Strand 3: Community Development. This Strand aims to give you the skills and knowledge to contribute to, live and work within your community. It teaches you to create awareness to your community about the available services. It also teaches you in how to assist in making decisions collectively that are most appropriate for your community. Furthermore, the Strand teaches you to value community property and develop a sense of ownership. Alongside that, it teaches you to learn the necessary skills in how to liaise and actively participate in community based projects. Finally, it teaches you to build good working relationships with people in your community as well as people outside of your community. The Strand 3 Course Book has three (3) Substrands. These substrands are; Substrand 1: Knowing Your Communities There are six (6) lessons and fourteen (14) supplementary readings in this Substrand. It teaches you to have an understanding of your local community. The understanding you receive will help you develop and undertake a cooperative plan. This cooperative plan will provide economic and social opportunities and benefits for your community. Substrand 2: Communication There are three (3) lessons and seven (7) supplementary readings in this Substrand. It teaches you to apply effective communication skills and mediums to facilitate awareness of an issue of concern to the community. Substrand 3: Community Projects There are four (4) lessons and seven (7) supplementary readings in this Substrand. It teaches you to plan and undertake an enterprising project. In doing so, you will be enabled to make a living. You will find that each lesson has lesson activities to do, supplementary readings to read, and a practice exercise to complete. The supplementary readings are at the back of each lesson, the answers to the lesson activities are at the back of the Strand and the answers to the practice exercises are at the end of each Substrand GR 8 MAL S3 6 GUIDE STUDY GUIDE Step 1: Start with Substrand 1, study Lesson 1 and do the Lesson Activities as you go along. When you have completed Lesson 1, do Practice Exercise 1. Step 2: When you have completed Lesson 1 Activities and Practice Exercise 1, turn to the back of the Substrand and the Strand Book to correct your answers. The Answers for your Practice Exercises are at the end of the Substrand. While the Answers for your Lesson Activities are at the end of the Strand Book. Take noted that you will also read your supplementary readings that are located behind the Practice Exercise. These readings give you more information which were not discussed in the lesson. You will learn further skills and knowledge from the readings. Step 3: If you make any mistake, go back to the lesson or your readings in the Supplementary Book, revise well and try to understand