REPORT ON '.!.'RE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS~ DY JOS. D. -WEEKS, SPECIAL AGENT. 1029 • TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.................................................................................................... ix CnAPTER I. STATISTICS 1-18 Scope oftlrn report .................................................................................................... 1 Classificatiou of glass iu the tables .................................................................................... 1 Summary of statistics for 1880 ......................................................................................... 1 Comparison with previous censuses .................................................................................... 2 Works i(lle in tho ccustts year ......................................................................................... 2 Works building in tho census year .................................................................................... 3 Establishments in which glass was made in tho census year ............................................................ 3 Capital ............................................................................................................... 3 Furna.cos ........................................... -•... - ...... - · · ...... · .......... • -· · • · · · ... ···--· ... · ·· · · · · ·· · · ••· · 3 The plant of factories ................................................................................................. 4 Employes ...................................................... - -..... · •••. ·• .... · · • ··• .. · •• · •· · · · ·•· · · · · -- -- ·••• ·•• ·•• 5 1 6 :~ !~s:~(i·;~;~~~t· :: :::~ ::: .-~: ::.-.-:::.· :::: :::::.-:::::: :::: :::: :: :::: ::: ::: :::::: :: :: ::.-: :::::.-:: :: :: :: ::: :: :::::: ::: 8 Methods of payment .................................................................................................. 8 Product ........................................................................................................... ···· 9 Materinls ........................................................................................................ ·----· 9 Relative productivo rank of tlrn states .................................................................... · · .•. -.. -... -. 9 Pi·oductiou ofplate-gliiss ••••.. : ...................................................................................... 10 Production of window-glass ............................................................ -.............................. 10 Prolluction of glassware .............................................................................................. 10 Production of green glass ............................................................................ --- -· ............ 11 Localities in which glass wa,s procluoecl. _. _.............................. _... _........................................ .. 11 Table I.-'l'he plttte-glass works of the Uniterl States at tho census of 1880 .............. _............................ 11 Table II.-'l'he winclow-glass works of tho Unitell States at the comus of 1880 ........................................ 12 Table III.-Tho glassware works of tho United States at the cens11s of 1880 ............. _.............................. 12 T11ble IV.-The green-glass works of the United States at tho census of 1880 ......................................... .. 12 Table Y.-Glass works idle and lmilcling in tho United States at tho census of 1880 ........ _......................... .. 13 Table VI.-Consoliclatecl statistics of' all the glass works of tho Unitecl States at the censu!l of 1880, by states ........... 15 Tnble YII.-Consolitlatecl stntistics of all tho glass works ofthe United States at the censua of 1880, by states aud counties. 15-17 Table VIII.-Consolidated statistics of the materials used iu Lho manufacture of glass1 as reported at tho census of 1880 ••. 18 CHAPTER II. GLA.SS :. ITS COl\IPOSITION1 CLASSIFICATION, AND PROPEHTIES ........................................ , ........................ 19-23 Difficulty of definition ................................................................................................. 19 Glass, chemical and commercial .................................. _................................................... .. 19 Chief constituents .................................................................................................... 19 Variability of composition ............................................................................................. 19 Ap111'oximate composition ............................................................................................ .. 19 Diificulty of classifieation ehemically .................................................................................. 19 Difficulty ofelassification commercially ............................................................................... 20 Classification ......................................................................................................... 20 1. Plate-glass. ................................................................................................... 20 2. Window-glass ................................................................................................ 20 3. Flint glass ......................................................................................... -·· -.•..••. 20 4. Green glass ................................................................................................... 21 Specific gravity ....................................................................................................... 21 Conductivity antl tension ............................................................................................. 21 Tensile and crushing strength ......................................................................................... 21 Devit.rification ........................................................................................ __ .............. 22 Devitri:fication in its relation to manipulation ............................. - ............... - ..................... -...•... 22 Other properties ...................................................................................................... 22 Extent of the uses of glass ............................................................................................ 22 Analysis of glass ........................................ : ............................................................ 22,23 1031 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. ~ CHAPTER III. Pnge. SAND ••• -- • -- - ••••••• - ••• - •• - .......... --· ........ --......... - ........ - ..... --- ••• -··· •••• - • - •• -- •••••••••••••• --- -- ...... - ••• 24-30 DiITerent }lroportions of silica in glass .•.• _................. ---· ....................................................... 24 Silica iu uifforent kiu<ls of gfa,RS ................ ---- ·-·- ........................ -- .................. ·----- ............. 24 liarclncss .... -- --· ........... --........ --- · ·· ·• ·••••· -- · -·· ---- -- ··-- · - ---- ... · -- · · · · --- --- .. · · ·· -- -- · · · ·· · --- · ···· .. .. 2,1 Forms of silimt uscrL ............. , -- --· ............ -- -- ... · -· -- · • -- - ••• -- -·•· ·• · - .. · ... · --· .. •· • •. --- ---· ....... - •·· ... 24 Uses of the different gracles ....... -- . -- __ .. - . ---.... - .... - .... - . --- -... __ . _ .... -· ·- _--·. __ ....... __ ..... _............. 24 Impurities and their removal .•.••. -- ............ -·· ....... --· -- ...................................................... .. 24 Use of arsenic ............................ ---- ................................................ --- .. ---- --- . -----· -·-··· 25 'I'ests of saull ............................................. --- ... - .. ----·· ............................................ .. 25 Analysis aml color not always imlicative of tho quality of sanll ..• --- . -................. _..... - .... - .•....... -_..... _. __ 21) 1\Iotlo of occurrence of sand . _..... --- .......... -.............................. -............................ ---· ...... .. 25 Sea Ol' river santl ................. -----· .......................... ··-· ................................................. 25 Importance of goo cl sarnl. ........ -................................................................................... .. 25 Sanc1 from tlrn river Behrn ............................................................................................. 25 Other i·iver 1t11d sea sanclf! ···-·· ....................................................................................... 2r; Early nso ofilint and qurn·tz .............. ---- .... --· ................................................................ .. 20 Superiority of American san(l ....................................... --- -· -........................................... .. 26 English sancl -·---· .......................... ------ .................................................................... 20 Stuu1 for English plate-, window-, mul ilint-glass ..... _................................................................ 27 Sand for l>ottle-glass ..................... -...................................................................· ........ .. 27 French sand .................................................... -·---- ............................................... .. 27 Belgian saucl. .............................................................................. -· .......................