IES-City Framework Release v1.0 September 30, 2018 A Consensus Framework for Smart City Architectures IES-City Framework (Internet-of-Things-Enabled Smart City Framework) Release v1.0 20180930 This IES-City Framework is the product of an open, international public working group seeking to reduce the high cost of application integration through technical analyses of existing smart city applications and architectures. This Framework documents the findings of the authors and provides valuable tools that are based on the findings and that can lower barriers to an expanded smart city marketplace. Currently, three primary barriers exist that inhibit widespread deployment of effective, powerful smart city solutions: 1. Inadequate information and knowledge transfer: Most smart city deployments are based on custom systems that cannot exchange information with other cities, and therefore, are neither extensible nor cost-effective. 2. Diverse standards: Current architectural standardization efforts have not yet converged. This creates uncertainty among stakeholders [1]. There is a lack of consensus on both a common language/taxonomy and smart city architectural principles [2]. The result is that the many groups with smart city interests are likely to generate standards and practices that are divergent, perhaps even contradictory, which would not optimally serve the global smart city community. 3. Poor scalability: A third barrier is the insufficient interoperability and scalability of underlying Internet of Things (IoT), and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) technologies that provide the foundation for many smart cities applications [3]. Additional barriers include lack of resources, lack of clear principles for prioritization, and limited access to the necessary technical expertise and experience. To lower these barriers, NIST and its partners, below, convened this international public working group to compare and distill a consensus language, taxonomy, and framework of common architectural features to enable smart city solutions that meet the needs of modern communities. IES-City Framework Release 1.0 IES-City Framework Release v1.0 September 30, 2018 Acknowledgements The partners would like to acknowledge the following individuals who contributed their expertise and writing to this document: Vatsal Bhatt, U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), David Binkley, Iteris Arianna Brutti, The Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) Martin Burns, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Christopher Chinapoo, Five Star Quality & Justive Associates Stefano DePanfilis, FIWARE Foundation Floyd DesChamps, The Desner Group, LLC Hagen Finley, Dell EMC Angelo Frascella, The Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) Linghao He, U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), Juanjo Hierro, FIWARE Foundation David Kuehn, DOT Naveen Lamba, Grant Thornton SeungMyeong Jeong, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI) Joe Manganelli, xplr design, llc; Fluor; Kent State University Lanfranco Marasso, Engineering Ingegneria Informatica SpA Michael Mulquin, IS Communications Ltd Martin Murillo Emiliano Sergio Verga, Cefriel Arkady Zaslavsky, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ii IES-City Framework Release v1.0 September 30, 2018 Revision Tracking Version Date Editor Changes 1.0 Draft February 2018 Martin Burns (NIST) First draft release 1.0 September 2018 Martin Burns (NIST) First version release iii IES-City Framework Release v1.0 September 30, 2018 Disclaimer This document has been prepared by the IES-City Framework Public Working Group (IES-City), an open public forum established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and its partners to support stakeholder discussions and development of a framework for smart cities. This document is a freely available contribution of the IES-City Framework contributors and is published in the public domain. Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe a concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the IES-City Framework Public Working Group (or NIST), nor is it intended to imply that these entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. All registered trademarks or trademarks belong to their respective organizations. iv IES-City Framework Release v1.0 September 30, 2018 Contents 1 Introduction and Overview ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Elaboration of the Challenge ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3 What the IES-City Framework Provides .................................................................................. 20 1.4 Organization of this Document ................................................................................................... 21 2 Use of this Document .............................................................................................................................. 23 2.1 Cities ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Policymakers and Regulators ...................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Vendors/Integrators ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Standards Development Organizations ................................................................................... 24 2.5 Academic Researchers .................................................................................................................... 24 3 Smart City Application Framework ................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Evaluate Breadth .............................................................................................................................. 27 3.2 Evaluate Readiness .......................................................................................................................... 38 3.3 Measure Benefits and Application Deployment Examples............................................... 44 4 Discovering Pivotal Points of Interoperability (PPI) .................................................................. 69 4.1 Goals ...................................................................................................................................................... 69 4.2 Elements of the Technical Analysis ........................................................................................... 70 4.3 Comparison of the Individual Analyses ................................................................................... 79 5 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................. 81 6 References ................................................................................................................................................... 83 6.1 Introduction and Overview .......................................................................................................... 83 6.2 Smart City Application Framework ........................................................................................... 88 6.3 Discovering Pivotal Points of Interoperability (PPI) .......................................................... 91 6.4 Appendix B: Use Cases and Analyses for Select Smart Cities .......................................... 91 Appendix A. Application Framework Categories and Subcategories ....................................... 93 A.1 Analysis of ITU-T Common Requirements of the Internet of Things ........................... 93 A.2 Application Categories and Subcategories with Sample Application Examples ...... 96 A.3 Sample CPS Framework Decomposition of a Subcategory ............................................ 100 A.4 List of Smart City Readiness Frameworks ............................................................................ 104 Appendix B. Use Cases and Analyses for Select Smart Cities ..................................................... 105 v IES-City Framework Release v1.0 September 30, 2018 B.1 Smart City Case Studies ................................................................................................................ 105 B.2 Business Cases for Implementing IoT-enabling Technologies ..................................... 114 B.3 Summary Analyses of Selected Smart City Deployments ............................................... 116 Appendix C. Technologies Analyzed .................................................................................................... 133 C.1 oneM2M .............................................................................................................................................. 133 C.2 FIWARE .............................................................................................................................................. 135 C.3 CVRIA Description for IES-City