No. 11, May 2009 The Czech Republic: on its way from emigration to immigration country Dušan Drbohlav Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Charles University in Prague Lenka Lachmanová-Medová Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Charles University in Prague Zden ěk Čermák Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Charles University in Prague Eva Janská Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Charles University in Prague Dita Čermáková Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Charles University in Prague Dagmara Dzúrová Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Charles University in Prague Table of contents List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 3 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 1. Social and Migration Development until 1989 ...................................................................... 7 1.1. Period until the Second World War ................................................................................ 7 1.2. Period from 1945 to 1989 .............................................................................................. 10 2. Social and Migration Development in the Period between 1989-2007 ............................... 16 2.1. Statistics ........................................................................................................................ 16 2.2. Mobility and Migration Flows ...................................................................................... 17 2.3. Numbers and Characteristics of Foreigners in the Czech Republic .............................. 22 2.3.1. Stocks of Foreigners ............................................................................................... 22 2.3.2. Asylum Seekers ...................................................................................................... 24 2.3.2. Illegal/Irregular Migrants and Grey Economy ....................................................... 25 2.3.4. Geographical Distribution of Foreigners ................................................................ 28 2.3.5. Internal Migration of Foreigners ............................................................................ 33 2.3.6. Affiliation with Social Security .............................................................................. 36 2.3.7. Economic Activities of Foreigners ......................................................................... 39 2.4. Socio-Demographic and Economic Environment ......................................................... 41 2.4.1. Demographic Environment .................................................................................... 41 2.4.2. Economic Environment – Labour Market .............................................................. 42 2.5. Migration Policy in the Czech Republic after 1989 ...................................................... 45 2.5.1. 1990-1992 ............................................................................................................... 46 2.5.2. 1993-1998 ............................................................................................................... 47 2.5.3. 1999-2002 ............................................................................................................... 48 2.5.4. 2003 – up to now .................................................................................................... 50 2.5.5. Naturalization and Citizenship Trends ................................................................... 54 2.6. Integration outcomes and Migration Impacts ................................................................ 57 2.6.1. Integration Outcomes ............................................................................................. 57 2.6.2. Economic Impacts of Migration ............................................................................. 63 2.6.3. Socio-Demographic Impacts of Migration ............................................................. 64 2.6.4. Other Impacts of Migration .................................................................................... 67 2.7. Political Participation of Foreigners .............................................................................. 67 3. Topical Issues in Central and Eastern Europe ...................................................................... 69 3.1. Perception of Foreigners/Immigrants by the Czech Majority Population ..................... 69 3.1.1. Overview of Results of Selected Public Opinion Polls .......................................... 69 3.1.2. Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 73 3.2. Case Study of the Capital City of Prague – Legal and Irregular Migrants ................... 74 3.2.1. Legal Immigrants in the Capital City of Prague .................................................... 74 3.2.2. Estimating the Number of Irregularly Residing Immigrants in Prague ................. 84 3.3. Vietnamese and Chinese Immigrants into the Czech Republic .................................... 89 3.3.1. Vietnamese Immigrants .......................................................................................... 90 3.3.2. Chinese Immigrants ................................................................................................ 93 4. Relation between Migration and Selected Characteristics ................................................... 95 5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 97 References .............................................................................................................................. 100 Annexes .................................................................................................................................. 115 Annex 1. Labour force controls in the Czech Republic, 2001-2006 .................................. 115 2 Annex 2. Employment structure of foreigners and Czech nationals, 2006 (as of December 31) ....................................................................................................................................... 116 Annex 3. Organization of/for immigrants in the Czech Republic – with a special focous on Ukrainian community ......................................................................................................... 117 Annex 4. Perceived personal grudge of Czechs against other persons because of their race, 1991-1997 (in %) ............................................................................................................... 119 Annex 5. Perceived personal grudge of Czechs against other persons because of their nationality, 1990-1997 (in %) ............................................................................................ 120 Annex 6. Sympathy versus unsympathy of the Czech population towards selected ethnicities/nationalities, 2006 (in %) .................................................................................. 121 Annex 7. Attitudes of the Czech population towards immigrants by purpose of their arrivals, 2007 (in %) ........................................................................................................... 122 Annex 8. Attitudes of the Czech population towards foreigners who are to permanently settle in the Czech Republic, 2005, 2008 (in %) ................................................................ 123 Annex 9. Attitudes of the Czech population towards foreigners who are to stay in the Czech Republic on the long-term basis, 2003, 2007 and 2008 (in %) .......................................... 124 List of Tables Table 1. Net migration in the Czech lands, 1850-1914 .............................................................. 7 Table 2. Demographic development of the Czech lands, 1857-1937 ........................................ 8 Table 3. International migration in the Czech lands, 1920-1939 (five-year average)................ 9 Table 4. International migration in the Czech lands, 1945-1947 ............................................. 10 Table 5. Migration losses of the Czech lands, 1948-1990 ....................................................... 11 Table 6. International migration in the Czech lands, 1950-1989 (five-year average).............. 12 Table 7. Migration between the Czech lands and Slovakia, 1950-1992 (five-year average)... 13 Table 8. Demographic development of the Czech lands, 1950-89 .......................................... 14 Table 9. Border crossings of foreigners (mil. of persons, total = incoming+outgoing), 1993- 2006................. ......................................................................................................................... 18 Table 10. International migration (of Czech citizens and foreigners) in the Czech Republic, 1990-2007..... ............................................................................................................................ 19 Table 11. International migration of foreigners in the Czech Republic by most important citizenship, 2005– 2007 (as of December 31) .........................................................................