Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2021 Domestic Abuse Against Men in Kenya Catherine W. Kigaya Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Epidemiology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Health Professions This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Catherine Kigaya has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Jirina Foltysova, Committee Chairperson, Public Health Faculty Dr. Gudeta Fufaa, Committee Member, Public Health Faculty Dr. JaMuir Robinson, University Reviewer, Public Health Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2021 Abstract Domestic Violence Against Men in Kenya by Catherine Kigaya MSN, University of Maryland, 2008 BS, University of Maryland, 2005 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University February 2021 Abstract Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), is prevalent globally and causes severe physical, psychological, and social harm to victims. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to highlight the predictors of physical and sexual IPV among men in Kenya and examine the influence of media in seeking help. These factors were explored through the lens of the socio-ecological model and the social learning theory. The 2014 Demographic Health Survey archival data obtained through in- depth interviews were used to answer the research questions. Dependent variables were physical abuse, sexual abuse, and seeking help while independent variables were socioeconomic factors, revenge, and media exposure. Logistic regression and the chi- square test were used to examine the associations between dependent and independent variables. There was a statistically significant relationship between age ( p < .001), education level ( p < 0.001), alcohol use ( p < 0.001), early exposure to violence ( p = 0.011), and physical IPV. There was also statistically significant relationship between age (p < .001), education ( p < 0.001), alcohol use ( p < 0.011), and sexual IPV. The study also found a statistically significant relationship between media exposure and reporting IPV ( p = 0.013). The results may be used in designing and implementing interventions aimed at enhancing men’s health and economic well-being, providing necessary resources to victims, and addressing social stigma in Kenya. Positive social change of this study is to raise awareness of male victimization in Kenya, encourage victims to seek help, and promote channeling of resources to the victims of abuse individually and nationally. Domestic Violence Against Men in Kenya by Catherine Kigaya MSN, University of Maryland, 2008 BS, University of Maryland, 2005 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University February 2021 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my mother. A woman who was denied a chance at formal education like many women in her generation, yet she dedicated her life working and praying for her children to do and be better. Thank you, mum! To my entire family for your encouragement and support throughout the journey. To my boys Nathan & Christopher for your patience and motivating me to be a good role model. If you dream it, you can achieve it. I also dedicate this study to all victims of domestic violence and those who work hard to support them. Recognize your power and speak up. Acknowledgements I am grateful to God for his faithfulness throughout my life and in achieving this milestone. Sincere gratitude to my committee for your support in my academic journey. The chair Dr. Jirina Renger- who we met at the latter part of my journey when I was very discouraged, and you pushed me to refocus and finish strong. Dr. Belin for setting the foundation. Committee member Dr. Gudeta Fufaa your encouragement and helping with statistics, and URR Dr. JaMuir Robinson for the review. To Walden University, community, and staff for availing the resources and help for your students. I would like to thank my entire family, friends, and church community for the invaluable support, encouragement, and prayers. To John, my brother Martin & family, and sister Ann thank you for helping with the kids. Thank you, Uncle Paul, for believing in me and giving me a chance to study abroad. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the work of The United States for International Development (USAID) across the globe and for availing data was used in this study. Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................v Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Background ....................................................................................................................3 Problem Statement .........................................................................................................4 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................5 Research Questions and Hypotheses .............................................................................6 Research Question 1a .............................................................................................. 6 Research Question 1b ............................................................................................. 7 Research Question 2 ............................................................................................... 7 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................................7 Nature of the Study ........................................................................................................8 Definitions......................................................................................................................9 Assumptions .................................................................................................................10 Scope and Delimitations ..............................................................................................10 Limitations ...................................................................................................................11 Significance..................................................................................................................11 Summary ......................................................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................13 Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................13 History and Prevalence of IPV ....................................................................................14 Physical Abuse .............................................................................................................17 i Sexual Abuse ...............................................................................................................18 Psychological or Emotional Abuse ..............................................................................19 Theoretical Foundation ................................................................................................20 Socio-Ecological Model........................................................................................ 20 Social Learning Theory......................................................................................... 23 Literature Review Related to Key Variables ...............................................................24 Marital Status ........................................................................................................ 24 Poverty .................................................................................................................. 25 Alcohol Use and Mental Illness ............................................................................ 25 Women Empowerment and Education ................................................................. 27 Exposure to Violence and Revenge ...................................................................... 28 Media Exposure .................................................................................................... 29 Cultural Beliefs ..................................................................................................... 30 Religion and Region ............................................................................................. 31 Consequences of IPV ...................................................................................................32 Barriers to Reporting....................................................................................................33