From Dutch to disputed: How Skagerrak became the focus of a naming dispute between Denmark, Norway and Sweden Peder GAMMELTOFT* In 1967, the Norwegian State, through its Name Consultants called for a joint inter-Nordic and international spelling of the water Skagerrak between Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The reason for this was that there was no fixed standard form of the name. In fact, there were three spelling conventions, one with -r- only, Skagerak (Norwegian) and Skagerack (Sweden), and one with -rr-, Skagerrak (Denmark). Implicit in the Norwegian request for a joint form, was the demand for accepting the authorized Norwegian, Skagerak, to be the joint inter-Nordic and international name form over the Swedish and Danish name forms Skagerack and Skagerrak. The call resulted in a prolonged and very polemic series of correspondences with several surprising turns and changes in attitude towards which spelling should be preferred. This is the story about how a geographical name came to named, disputed and finally settled for national and international use. It is also an article about what we may learn from earlier cases of this nature to solve current and future international naming disputes. INTRODUCTION In late 1967, the Norwegian State Name Consultants and the Norwegian Place-Name Archives called for a joint inter-Nordic and international spelling of the water Skagerrak between Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The reason for the call was that there was no fixed standard for the name. In fact, there were three spelling conventions, one with -r- only, Skagerak (Norwegian) and Skagerack (Sweden), and one with -rr-, Skagerrak (Denmark). Norway argued for their form, Skagerak, to be the joint inter-Nordic and international name form, whereas Sweden and Denmark used Skagerack and Skagerrak. This is the story about how a geographical name came to named, disputed and finally settled for national and international use. * Professor, University of Copenhage, Denmark. Peder GAMMELTOFT 1 ONE SEA, MANY NAMES As already touched upon in my earlier article in this forum on the naming of seas, １ Skagerrak is a geographical name of Dutch origin. However, the name Skagerrak is far from the only name of this water, historically speaking. There was an array of different name forms which differed in time and user groups. The oldest known reference to the stretch of water between Denmark, Norway and Sweden is Codanus Sinus by the Roman geographer Pomponius Mela.２ Whether that name includes all of what is now Skagerrak is uncertain, but it seems to include at least the southeastern parts of the sea, as it is termed ‘a mighty bay’, seemingly referring to the outer Baltic sea and coastal Eastern Denmark. The first purely Scandinavian reference to Skagerrak – and probably also Kattegat – is from a Skaldic poem, in the heroic Viking-Age tradition, by the renowned Skald Þorleikr fagri in a poem presented to the Danish king Sven Estridsen in 1051. Here the se is called Jótlandshaf, The Sea of Jutland: Fengr varð Þrœnda þengils All the loot of the Þrœndir lord — þeir léttu skip fleiri — had to float on the allr á éli sollnu hail-swollen Jutland Sea Jótlandshafi fljóta they emptied more ships３ Shortly after in the 1070’s, the great German chronicler, Adam of Bremen terms the sea part of Mare Barbaricum ‘Barbarous Sea’ with the particular stretch of water being called [Mare] Nordmannos ‘Sea of the Norwegians’.４ In the early days of mapping, the Dutch cartographers used the term Oceani Germanici pars or Nordzee ‘North Sea’, or Mare Balticum５. In fact, it is not until well into the 17th century that the name t’Schager Rack occurs on maps. The first to term this sea Skagerrak were pioneered by Willem Blaeu in 1618 and Jan Janssonius in 1647 (see Figure 1).６ However, the name Skagerrak and the neighbouring Kattegat remained １ Peder Gammeltoft (2016). Why is the North Sea west of us?: Principles behind naming of the seas. Journal of Maritime and Territorial Studies, vol 3, nr. 1, pp. 103-122. ２ Pomponius Mela De situ orbis, 3.31, 3.54, https://archive.org/stream/pomponiimelaede00olivgoog#page/n6/mode/2up. Retrieved November 26, 2016. ３ Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) (2009), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. (Brepols, Turnhout), p. 320. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/skaldic/db.php?id=4297&if=default&table=verses. Retrieved November 26, 2016. ４ Adam of Bremen (c.1076). Descriptio insularum aquilonis, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, ch. 10, http://hbar.phys.msu.su/gorm/chrons/bremen.htm, accessesd November 26, 2016. ５ Geradus Mercator (1595). Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mvndi et fabricati figvra (Duisburg), plate XX. ６ Willem J. Blaeu (1618). Het licht der zeevaert, in Bo Bramsen (1965). Danmarks Kortlæ gning (Copenhagen), fig. 48: Het Schager rac; Jan Jansonius (1647). Atlas, in Bo Bramsen (1965), Danmarks Kortlæ gning. (Copenhagen), fig 61: tʼSchager Rack. 2 SESSION IV Figure 1. Section of Jan Janssonius’ map Toitus Iutiæ (1647) showing the Latin and Dutch name forms of Skagerrak. Source: Own collection largely used exclusively in the international (Dutch inspired) sphere, not regionally as a name used by Danes, Norwegians or Swedes. It is not until the late 18th century that we see these names used in a Scandinavian context. But from then on, these names are the generally accepted names of the waters north and east of Jutland, nationally as well as internationally. As is clear from the above, the context of the name Skagerrak is entirely Dutch – it first occurs in the heyday of Dutch mapping and there are no previous or contemporary Danish, Swedish or Norwegian name forms of Skagerrak. From a research perspective, the Dutch origin of the name has been alluded to in a few publications at the turn of the 19th century, such as Edvard Erslev’s book on Jutland７ and Johannes Steenstrup’s work on Danish place-names,８ but the first scientific research into the name only appeared around 1920 with van den Meulen in the Netherlands９ and Johannes Knudsen in Denmark.１０ The name itself, Skagerrak, is a formally secondary name, i.e. a geographical name which contains another geographical name as it specific element. In this case, it is the name of Skagen (locally pronounced Skagi), the northern most point and city of Jutland, ７ Edvard Erslev (1886). Jylland, studier og skildringer til Danmarks geografi (Copenhagen), p. 295. ８ Johannes Steenstrup (1908). De danske stednavne. (Copenhagen), p. 51, https://archive.org/stream/dedanskestednav00steegoog#page/n55/mode/2up. Retrieved November 26, 2016. ９ R. van den Meulen (1919). Over den Nederlandschen oorsprong der aardrijkskundige namen Skagerrak (Skagerak) en Kattegat. Tijdschrift voor nederlandse taal- en letterkunde. Jaargang 38, (Leiden), pp. 113-132. １０ Johannes Knudsen (1920). Hollandsk indflydelse paa navngivningen i farvandene omkring Danmark. Historisk Tidsskrift vol. 9.1, (Copenhagen), pp. 398-420. Peder GAMMELTOFT 3 albeit declined with a Dutch -ar declension. The generic, or second element is the Dutch noun rak ‘straight (line)’ as its second element. The meaning of the name is thus something like “The way straight past Skagen.” THE DISPUTE – SKAGERRAK OR SKAGERAK In the 20th century, Skagerrak had a number of differing forms: Skagerrak (authorized by Denmark and used on international maps), Skagerack (Sweden), whereas Norway authorized the form Skagerak in 1959. In late November 1967, The Norwegian Geographical Survey announced that “the name Skagerak will be published with one ‘r’ on the international maps we publish ourselves. This form has been determined by the State Name Consultants; we have also notified the Danish Geodetic Institute.” This message was subsequently forwarded to the Royal Swedish Place-Name Commission 8. December 1967, who notified the Danish Place- Name Commission. Helge Lindberg, 5. January 1968. From the Royal Swedish Place- Name Commission to the Danish Place-Name Commission: The Place-name Commission has, from the Swedish Ordnance Survey received (in xerocopy) a letter concerning a change of the spelling of ”Skagerack” on the international world map at a scale 1: 1.000.000. It would be appreciated if Denmark, Norway and Sweden could agree on a joint spelling. [...] Regarding the second element, perhaps -rak could become the one of the three of us accepted spelling. What sets us apart is the Danish spelling of -r in the first element, supposedly an adjective in -r formed of Skagen (Hald, Vore Stednavne (1965), p. 245). Could we possibly agree on a spelling Skagerak? How do you spell ”Kattegatt” officially in Denmark? The Place-name Commission is concurrently contacting the Norwegian Place- Name Archives in Oslo. The Commission is looking forward to a response with thanks. As the Swedish Ordnance Survey has announced that this name question is very urgent, we ask that the Commission respond before 16. January. [my translation]１１ With the short response time given, the Danish Place-Name Commission wrote to question the commission members on the question whether to accept the Norwegian request or not. Professor Anders Bjerrum of the Danish Place-Name Commission forwarded an outline answer to the Royal Swedish Place-Name Commission to all the members of the Danish Place-Name Commission on 9. January 1968. To the members of the Place-Name Commission The Royal Swedish Place-Name Commission in Uppsala has sent the Institute for Name Resarch a question about spelling of Skagerrak and Kattegat for use by the Swedish Ordnance Survey (3 photocopies enclosed). １１ Royal Swedish Place-Name Commission Journal No.: 69/67. 4 SESSION IV The Place-Name Commission has adopted the, for Denmark authorized, form Skagerrak, which is also used by the Swedish Navigation Pilot and Swedish Aviation.