IMPROVEMENTS IN OSTEOLOGICAL PEDAGOGY: APPLICATION OF 3D TECHNOLOGY & INTERDISCIPLINARY PRACTICE _____________________ A University Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, East Bay _____________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Art in Anthropology _____________________ By Christine Allison (DeNicola) Berlier December 2018 IMPROVEMENTS IN OSTEOLOGICAL PEDAGOGY: APPLICATION OF 3D TECHNOLOGY & INTERDISCIPLINARY PRACTICE By Christine Allison (DeNicola) Berlier Approved: Date: D f& 7 s Albert Gonzalez, Ph.D. ii Table of Contents Part I: Teaching Philosophy ............................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 – Target Students ........................................................................................ 2 Chapter 2 – Learning Objectives................................................................................. 5 Human or Nonhuman .................................................................................................. 5 Left or Right................................................................................................................. 6 Identification of Features ............................................................................................ 6 Limits of Knowledge .................................................................................................... 6 Student Study Methods ................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 3 – Measuring Student Abilities ................................................................. 11 Chapter 4 – Fundamental Components .................................................................... 11 PPE ............................................................................................................................ 11 Respect & Ethics ....................................................................................................... 12 Part II: Setting Up an Osteological Course .................................................................. 13 Chapter 5 – Obtaining Osteological Specimens ....................................................... 13 Purchasing Human Bones ......................................................................................... 14 Borrowing Between Institutions ................................................................................ 16 Osteology & Technology: 3D Scanning & Printing ................................................. 16 Part III: Determining Class Structure & Organization .............................................. 18 Chapter 6 – Class Structure ....................................................................................... 18 Example Course Syllabi ............................................................................................ 19 Graduates as TAs ...................................................................................................... 19 Specialty Course ........................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 7 - Quiz & Test Design................................................................................. 23 Creating Questions .................................................................................................... 24 Test Organization ...................................................................................................... 25 iii Chapter 8 - Grading.................................................................................................... 26 Part IV: Teaching Osteology ......................................................................................... 27 Chapter 9 – Course Outline ....................................................................................... 27 Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 27 Cranium ..................................................................................................................... 27 Hyoid & Vertebrae .................................................................................................... 28 Sternum & Ribs ......................................................................................................... 28 Shoulder, Arm, & HAND ........................................................................................... 29 Pelvis, Leg, & Foot.................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 10 – Biometrics ............................................................................................. 29 Bone Composition & Function .................................................................................. 29 Bone Growth.............................................................................................................. 30 Biomechanics: Strength, Fragility, & Adaptation..................................................... 32 Chapter 11 – Variable Determination....................................................................... 35 Sex ............................................................................................................................. 35 Age ............................................................................................................................. 41 Stature ....................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 12 - Pathology ............................................................................................... 49 Joint Diseases ............................................................................................................ 50 Infections ................................................................................................................... 51 Congenital Disorders ................................................................................................ 52 Neoplasia ................................................................................................................... 54 Endocrine Disorders ................................................................................................. 56 Metabolic Disorders .................................................................................................. 57 Other Types of Pathologies ....................................................................................... 58 Dental Caries ............................................................................................................ 63 Chapter 13 – Taphonomy & Modification ............................................................... 66 Antemortem Trauma .................................................................................................. 67 Perimortem Trauma .................................................................................................. 74 iv Postmortem Changes ................................................................................................. 81 Chapter 14 – Application of Osteology in Criminal Justice ................................. 89 Part V: References .......................................................................................................... 91 References ................................................................................................................. 91 Appendix .................................................................................................................. 110 v 1 Part I: Teaching Philosophy Osteology is the study of skeletal structures &, though that may seem vague, the study of bones can be applied to a vast array of fields & careers. The primary challenge of developing educational programs is determining who can or should benefit from the intended curriculum. In this instance, we must decide which students, professionals, and/or governmental agencies need human osteology. In my own experience, the most common majors of students who enroll in osteological courses include anthropology, criminal justice, & nursing/medicine. I have also noticed that the students who enroll in human osteology are often undergraduates in their junior or senior year &, as with many courses, the course is taken due to a specific requirement or as a general credit fulfillment. The benefit of enrollment of undergraduates in their final year(s), is that they have already decided on their major. That means they have taken the time to choose a field of interest &, generally, understanding the level of energy needed to fulfill their degree. Human osteology is not an easy course & it requires time, dedication, & discipline. On average, there are only biological anthropology majors enrolled, who are required to take the course before graduating. However, although the status quo seems to place osteology in the hidden realm of anthropology, I argue that the various courses outlined here can & should be used to bridge boundaries between the criminal justice fields, anthropological osteology, & forensic osteology. Beyond that I investigate the importance of human osteology, 2 within both anthropological & forensic lenses, in, not just criminal justice curricula, but also in police departments & crime scene investigation units. To conclude, I will further explore target students & constructive study methods, as well as the changing territory of how to obtain osteological teaching