SITUATION REPORT J U N E 2 0 2 1 P R E P A R E D B Y The New York Times, "Famine hits 350,000 in Ethiopia." June 2021. E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y P A G E 0 2 On November 4, 2020, Ethiopia’s unelected Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed mobilized the Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF), the Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF), the Amhara Special Forces, and Afar Special Forces to launch a warE agaXinst Ethe 7C milUlion pTeopIle Vof thEe re gioSn ofU TigraMy, theM nortAhernRmostY region of the Ethiopian federation. In a statement shared on Twitter while much of the world was focused on the outcome of the American elections, the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize winner declared a war that has unleashed the worst humanitarian crisis in recent memory. Despite the Ethiopian regime’s repeated assertions that this is a “domestic” operation directed against a political entity, the ongoing involvement of Eritrean troops, the reported use of armed drones, the atrocious human rights abuses, and escalating humanitarian crisis in Tigray clearly show that this is an all-out war being waged against the people of Tigray. In the 200+ days since the declaration of war, there have been verified reports of widespread civilian massacres, extrajudicial executions, sexual and gender- based violence, weaponized starvation, looting, destruction of health care facilities, and forced displacement of millions of Tigrayans. The picture emerging from these seven months of war—albeit incomplete due to a telecommunications blockade affecting large swaths of the region—provides a glimpse into the level of devastation in Tigray. According to the latest figures, over 70,000 civilians have been killed in Tigray [1], while 70,000 have been forced to seek refuge in Sudan [2], and 2.2 million more people have been internally displaced [3]. Of the region’s 7 million residents, more than 91% or 5.2 million people are in dire need of emergency food assistance - 2.3 million of them are children [4]. In addition to attacks against the safety and security of Tigrayan civilians, the Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Amhara forces have also undertaken the wholesale destruction of essential infrastructure and services in the region. Over 80% of healthcare facilities and over 99% of ambulances have been looted, vandalized, or destroyed, exacerbating the already dire humanitarian conditions [5]. Moreover, 75% of state and private universities have been destroyed while countless sacred and religious institutions have been desecrated [6]. These facts and figures paint a vivid picture of the reality on the ground: far from being a ‘domestic law and order’ operation, this is a genocidal war waged by the Eritrean and Ethiopian regimes to annihilate the history and culture, political existence, and future of the people of Tigray. E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y C O N T . P A G E 0 3 Under the leadership of Abiy Ahmed—in consort with the dictator of Eritrea, Isaias Afwerki— this war has been waged in the dark, making it impossible to obtain up-to-date information on the true extent of destruction in the region. Despite urgent calls by the international community, the Ethiopian government has refused to provide unhindered access to aid organizations or international journalists. As such, the figures mentioned above do not reflect the true magnitude of the destruction caused by the genocidal war in Tigray. S T A R V A T I O N A N D F A M I N E One of the most devastating aspects of the ongoing genocidal war in Tigray is the weaponization of starvation, which has exposed the entire population to what is feared to be the worst famine in Ethiopia’s history. It is crucial to note that the starvation crisis that has gripped the region and the looming famine was not inevitable and has not emerged because of natural causes. This man- made famine is a result of the systematic, organized, and intentional strategy pursued by the Ethiopian and Eritrean regimes to weaponize hunger against the 7 million people of Tigray. A timeline of the unfolding of weaponized starvation helps demonstrate the genocidal intent behind this strategy. i . T h e P r e - W a r C o n t e x t Two major developments in the period since Abiy’s rise to power are important to consider here vis-a-vis the looming famine. First, starting from 2018, the major highway connecting Tigray to the neighbouring Amhara region as well as the rest of the country was closed down. This decision by the Amhara regional government, tacitly supported by the federal government, was designed to hinder the transportation of crucial supplies—such as food—into Tigray, isolating the northernmost region from the rest of the country. Second, a 2020 locust infestation that had affected large swaths of East Africa was especially devastating to farmers in Tigray. This locust invasion was the country’s worst in 25 years and resulted in the large-scale destruction of crops in Tigray, threatening food security. Not only did the federal government fail to support the farmers whose livelihoods had been deeply affected by this locust invasion, it additionally withheld millions of dollars in donor funds intended to bolster the safety net program for 1.5 million Tigrayan farmers. S T A R V A T I O N A N D F A M I N E C O N T . P A G E 0 4 The Guardian, "How war threatens Ethiopia's struggle." November 2020. The above is only a partial sampling of decisions by the Abiy regime that actively undermined and jeopardized food security in Tigray long before the official declaration of war. i i . N o v e m b e r - D e c e m b e r 2 0 2 0 As soon as the Federal government began its military offensive against Tigray, international organizations were quick to warn that this would disrupt the delivery of vital humanitarian aid, preventing assistance from reaching hundreds of thousands of people. Concerns about a looming famine were voiced as early as November 17 by notable scholars with extensive knowledge of the region. The food crisis worsened throughout December, with the communication and transportation blockages causing a severe scarcity of essential food items, including bread, grains, and vegetables. Large-scale food insecurity was observably growing while the Ethiopian government—which had declared ‘mission accomplished’ on November 28—continued to actively prevent the delivery of humanitarian assistance to the region. “I was faced with the threat of hunger. Some of my friends were already starting to starve. Fortunately, the people of Mekelle were all kind, despite the fact that I and my friends were Amharic-speaking. It was our Tigrayan neighbours and friends who were feeding us in those difficult times.” -- A Tigrayan doctor who worked at Mekelle’s main hospital in December 2020 [7]. S T A R V A T I O N A N D F A M I N E C O N T . P A G E 0 5 i i i . J a n u a r y - A p r i l 2 0 2 1 The rapid and preventable escalation of the starvation crisis can be traced throughout the early months of 2021. The interim administration in Tigray confirmed that at least 13 people had died due to lack of food in January 2021, leading local government officials to warn that hundreds of thousands could die due to starvation. The few aid organizations that managed to access the region unequivocally declared that “people are starving.” With 80% of Tigray cut off from aid and humanitarian agencies prevented from accessing all areas of the region, the UN warned of the ‘extremely alarming’ situation developing in February and March. By April, it was revealed that 4.5 million of the region’s 7 million people were in dire need of humanitarian assistance, millions of them children. Central, Eastern, and North-Western Tigray were classified as facing “crisis” and “emergency” levels of hunger levels by the UN, which meant that people in these areas were already experiencing acute malnutrition. Malnutrition, especially among children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as other vulnerable populations, was skyrocketing. i v . T h e C r i s i s i n M a y 2 0 2 1 Oxfam International and The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) revealed in early May that the number of people facing extreme hunger is now over 5.2 million. On June 10, 2021, a U.N. report established that between May and June, over 350,000 in Tigray are facing famine, underscoring the pervasiveness and seriousness of the starvation that has gripped the region. Increased levels of malnutrition are being recorded, especially among children, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers who, without humanitarian assistance, “will die because of complications,” according to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). An alarming rise of acute malnutrition among children has already been recorded throughout May. People forced to flee their homes because of the attacks by Eritrean and Ethiopian troops bear the brunt of the starvation crisis: IDPs have to travel for days without food - sometimes as long as 15 days - leading to many deaths along the journey. It has now been confirmed by domestic and international bodies, including World Health Organization Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom, that people in Tigray are dying from starvation. In short, the scale of this man-made catastrophe is staggering.