NEWCASTLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PLAN REVIEW NEWCASTLE, NSW. Volume 1. Site Survey, Significance, Conservation & Management. Lighthouse, Brown and Tyrrell Streets, The Hill, Newcastle (Edward Higginbotham). EDWARD HIGGINBOTHAM & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD. Archaeology • History • & Heritage A.B.N. 79 072 316 968 Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. ________________________________________________________________________ ii NEWCASTLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PLAN REVIEW NEWCASTLE, NSW. Volume 1. Site Survey, Significance, Conservation & Management. Edward Higginbotham MA (Cambridge), PhD (Sydney), MAACAI. EDWARD HIGGINBOTHAM & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD 13 O’Connor Street HABERFIELD, NSW 2045. PO Box 97 HABERFIELD, NSW 2045. Phone. (02) 9716-5154 [email protected] www.higginbotham.com.au With Dr. Terry Kass, B. A. (Hons), M. A. (Hons), Dip. Ed. Ms. Catherine Colville. For Newcastle City Council. Draft April 2012 Second Draft July 2012 Final April 2013 Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. ii Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. CONTENTS. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. .......................................................................................... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. ........................................................................................ VII USER GUIDE - DETERMINING THE STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN NEWCASTLE. ................................................. IX Method 01. ............................................................................................................ix Method 02. ............................................................................................................ix Basic Procedures and Recommendations. ............................................................. x STATEMENT OF BENEFITS...................................................................................XV 1 REPORT LAYOUT............................................................................................17 2 INTRODUCTION. .............................................................................................19 2.1 Background.............................................................................................. 19 2.2 Brief......................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Location of site......................................................................................... 19 2.4 Heritage Listings. ..................................................................................... 20 2.5 Study methodology and limitations. .......................................................... 20 2.6 Author identification.................................................................................. 21 3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW - SUMMARY............................................................23 4 ASSESSING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE. ......................................25 4.1 The principal sources. .............................................................................. 25 4.2 What is an archaeological management plan?.......................................... 27 5 SITE SURVEY. .................................................................................................29 5.1 Introduction. ............................................................................................. 29 5.2 State Heritage Inventory (SHI) Database. ................................................. 29 5.3 Block-by-block listings. ............................................................................. 30 5.4 Item Names.............................................................................................. 30 5.5 Statement of Significance......................................................................... 30 5.6 Modern Cadastre. .................................................................................... 31 5.7 Historical Cadastre................................................................................... 31 5.8 Newcastle AMP 1997 Inventory Numbers................................................. 31 5.9 Historical sequence of development. ........................................................ 32 5.10 Physical Condition and Archaeological Potential....................................... 32 5.11 Standing Buildings and Ruins. .................................................................. 33 5.12 Heritage and Archaeology. ....................................................................... 34 5.13 References. ............................................................................................. 34 5.14 Historical Drainage................................................................................... 34 5.15 The possible distribution of convict huts and associated relics. ................. 34 5.16 Concordance of SHI Inventory Numbers with Historical Plan Overlay Numbers................................................................................................. 35 5.17 Historical Map References........................................................................ 42 5.18 Figures..................................................................................................... 46 6 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE. ............................................................................49 6.1 Current assessment criteria...................................................................... 49 6.2 Technical / research significance and scientific iii Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. 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(archaeological) significance. ............................................................................... 52 6.3 The heritage significance of the Study Area. ............................................. 52 6.3.1 Penal Settlement, 1801-1821 (State). ............................................... 53 6.3.2 Town Development, 1820s-1853 (State). .......................................... 56 6.3.3 The Australian Agricultural Company, 1830 onwards (State). ............ 59 6.3.4 Railway and Port Infrastructure (State).............................................. 61 6.3.5 Harbour Defences (State). ................................................................ 63 6.3.6 Urban Development, 1853 onwards (Local)....................................... 65 7 .RESEARCH FRAMEWORK.............................................................................69 7.1 Natural Environment................................................................................. 73 7.2 Environmental Modification & Disturbance................................................ 73 7.3 Aboriginal Occupation/Contact. ................................................................ 74 7.4 Penal Settlements. ................................................................................... 74 7.5 Defence and Military Establishments. ....................................................... 75 7.6 The development of port infrastructure in New South Wales. .................... 76 7.7 The development of rail infrastructure in New South Wales....................... 76 7.8 The development of roads and bridges in New South Wales..................... 77 7.9 The development of tramway infrastructure in New South Wales. ............. 77 7.10 Town development in New South Wales up to the early 1850s.................. 77 7.11 The development of prisons in New South Wales. .................................... 77 7.12 Public Utilities and Services - Water Supply.............................................. 78 7.13 Public Utilities and Services - Gas Supply................................................. 78 7.14 The Australian Agricultural Company........................................................ 78 7.15 Urbanisation and the 19th Century City..................................................... 79 7.16 The development of hospitals and health infrastructure in New South Wales. ............................................................................................... 80 7.17 Maintenance of Law and Order................................................................. 80 7.18 Industry and Manufacturing. ..................................................................... 80 7.19 Coal Mining in New South Wales, 1801 onwards. ..................................... 81 7.20 Cultural Life.............................................................................................. 81 7.21 Theatres, Entertainment and Public Recreation. ....................................... 81 7.22 Religion and Burial Customs..................................................................... 81 7.23 Education - Schools, Colleges and Universities. ....................................... 82 7.24 Social and Economic Status, Gender and Ethnicity................................... 82 7.25 Archaeological Management Issues. ........................................................ 82 8 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK...........................................................................85 8.1 Introduction. ............................................................................................. 85 8.2 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999............... 85 8.3 NSW Heritage Act 1977 ........................................................................... 86 8.4 Undertaking works on relics...................................................................... 87 8.5 Heritage and Conservation Register, and Penalties .................................. 88 8.6 Standard