INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely, event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521*0600 ENERGY INTENSITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: IDENTIFYING STRUCTURAL LINKAGES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ansari Zaid Ameen, B.S., M.A * * * * The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by J. Craig Jenkins Edward M. Crenshaw Advisor epartmAnt of Sociology Kazimierz M. Slomczynski UMI Number: 9544512 UMI Microform 9544512 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 To My Parents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Before beginning a new stage in my life, I would like to thank Professor Edward Crenshaw for his guidance, assistance, and friendship over the course of the last six years. Our relationship is one that will endure with time. I am also indebted to Professor Jenkins for his encouragement, patience, and help. I would also like to thank Professors Slomczynski, Kaufman, and Namboodiri for assisting me over the course of my graduate studies. To Nancy Stancic, who has provided me the emotional support needed to complete my graduate studies, I am eternally grateful. VITA October 9, 1963 ................................................ Born - San Fernando, Trinidad 1989 .............................................................. B.S., Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 1990-1992 ........................................................ M.A., Sociology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 1991-Presen t ................................................... Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio PUBLICATIONS Crenshaw, Edward and Ansari Ameen. 1993. "Dimensions of Social Inequality in the Third World: A Cross-National Analysis of Infant Mortality and Fertility Decline." Population Research and Policy Review12: 297-313. Crenshaw, Edward and Ansari Ameen. 1994. "The Distribution of Income Across National Populations: Testing Multiple Paradigms." Social Science Research 23: 1-22 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Sociology Studies in : International Development, Population Studies and Social Change. Dr. Edward Crenshaw, Dr. Craig Jenkins, Dr. Kazimierz Slomczynski, and Dr. Krishnan Namboodiri. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... iii VITA .................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................xi CHAPTER PAGE I. THE IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY TO HUMAN SURVIVAL Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 Energy Efficiency and Sociological Theory........................................... 1 Energy Efficiency and Global W arm ing .................................................... 4 Depletion of Non-renewable Sources of Energy and Population Growth ......................................................... 6 Overview of Study ......................................................................................8 II. PREVIOUS EMPIRICAL WORK ON ENERGY INTENSITY Non-Sociological Research.........................................................................12 The Manufacturing Sector ...................................................................... 13 The Transportation S ector.........................................................................16 The Residential Sector .............................................................................. 19 The Service Sector ....................................................................................21 Research on the Determinants of Energy Efficiency ............................22 Energy Efficiency and the Quality of Life ............................................ 24 Energy Intensity and Economic Growth.................................................. 25 v III. ADAPTATIONS OF THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT Modernization Theory ...............................................................................31 Dependency\WorId Systems T h e o rie s ..................................................... 38 Ecological-Evolutionary Theory ............................................................. 44 IV. METHOD AND DATA Overview of Analysis ................................................................................. 48 Sam ple.......................................................................................................... 51 Method ........................................................................................................52 Dependent Variable and Operationalizations ..........................................52 Phase One .......................................................................................52 Phase T w o.......................................................................................53 Phase T hree ....................................................................................53 Phase F o u r.......................................................................................55 Phase F iv e .......................................................................................56 Independent Variables used in Energy Intensity Equations ................... 57 Independent Variables used in Economic Growth Equations ..............64 V. RESULTS Results Pertaining to the Determinants of Energy Intensity ................ 67 Phase One .......................................................................................67 Summary of Findings for Phase One and Substantative Interpretations .................................................. 75 Phase T w o.......................................................................................77 Summary of Findings for Phase T w o..........................................80 Phase T hree ....................................................................................81 Summary of Findings for Phase T h ree ....................................... 84 Phase F o u r.......................................................................................85 Summary of Findings for Phase F our..........................................91 Summary of Findings for Phases One Through Four: Putting the Pieces Together...............................92 Results Pertaining to the Determinants of Economic G row th..............94 VI. IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA The Immediate Relevance of the Findings ...........................................134 vi Implications and Relevance of Economic Growth M o d e ls..................144 Relevance of Findings for Sociological Theory .................................. 147 The Implications for Sociological Theory..............................................150 Concluding Comments............................................................................ 151 APPENDICES A. Lists of Countries Included in the Equations ...................................152 B. List of Influential O u tliers................................................................. 158 C. Means and Standard Deviations of Varriables Used in the Analysis ............................................................................ 162 LIST OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 166 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Zero-order correlations between change in energy intensity from 1956 to 1973 and independent variables ..................................................... 99 2. Unstandardized regression coefficients for the change