South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1984 Sun Yat-sen's Inductive Support and Deductive Reasoning in Selected "Three Principles of the People" Speeches Chen-lung Ringo Ma Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ma, Chen-lung Ringo, "Sun Yat-sen's Inductive Support and Deductive Reasoning in Selected "Three Principles of the People" Speeches" (1984). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4226. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/4226 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUN YAT -SEN 'S INDUCTIVE SUPPORT AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING IN SELECTED "THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE " SPEECHES BY CHEN-LUNG RINGO MA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts, Major in Speech , South Dakota State University 1984 SUN YAT-SEN 'S INDUCTIVE SUPPORT AND DEDUCTIVE REASON ING IN SELECTED "THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE " SPEECHES This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree , Master of Arts , and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree . Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. �yne E. Ho�estraat Date Thesis A viser / � Jud1th �¥.Vanov1c Date �ead, Depar�ent of Speech ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Major acknowledgement mu st go to my adviser, Dr. Wayne E. Hoogestraat, who rendered patience, encouragement, and assistance as well as direction during the whole process of my thesis-writing and throughout my graduate studies at South Dakota State University. I owe a particular debt to the Department of Speech , all of them, who offered such a friendly atmosphere that I never felt like a stranger in this corner of the Ame rican society . Dr . Edward L. Meyer was a good example among many of them . This atmosphere did make learning and writing more enj oyable . I would also extend my thanks to Elizabeth E. Williams, for her proofreading; and to Ila Asmus , who not only typed this thesis, but assisted me in almost every­ thing within the past year . Finally , I mu st acknowledge the assistance of my mother , Hsiu-Wen Chang Ma , and my wife , Shu-Wen Louisa Ma , who both provided a climate conducive to the research and writing process. CLR Ma TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 Origin of Study . • . 1 Purpose of the Investigation . 5 Methodology of the Investigation . 6 Endnotes . • • . 13 II. HISTORICAL-PERSONAL MILIEU OF THE "THREE PRINC IPLES OF THE PEOPLE�' SPEECHES . 15 Sun Yat-sen 's Ancestry and Intellectual Development • . 15 Ancestry . 15 Intellectual Devel opment . 20 The Political-Social-Economic Mil ieu in China in 1924 . 29 The Political Situation in 1924 29 The Social Situation in 1924 .. 47 The Economic Situation in 1924 . 53 Summary . 58 Endnotes . 62 III. INDUCTIVE SUPPORT AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING IN THREE SELECTED SPEECHES . 73 Process of Choosing Criteria . 73 Inductive Criteria . 74 Deduct ive Criteria . 75 The Speeches Chosen . • . 7 7 Method of Analysis . 77 Ana lysis of the Three Speeches . 79 Origin of the Three Speeche s • . 79 "The Principle of Nationalism ," Lecture Six . 81 "The Principle of Democracy ," Lecture One . • • • .. • . • . • . • • • • 9 9 "The Principle of Livelihood ," Lecture Four . .. 115 Composite Evaluation . • • • • • 132 Endnotes . • . • . • 139 Chapter Page IV . SUMMARY , CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 141 Summary . • . .. 141 Conclusions . • • . 1 44 Recommendations for Further Study . APPENDIX A 147 APPENDIX B . 156 APPENDIX C . 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY • 173 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Origin of Study Few people intere sted in modern Chinese history can avoid studying Dr . Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) • Sun is important to the world -in many different ways . He successfully founded the first republic in both Chinese and Asian histories, systematically introduced a series of plans to his fellow country people with the intention to save them from an impending catastrophe , and appears to have used some techniques closely connected to the Western education he received in expressing his ideas and ideals. The impending catastrophe , as Pearl Buck reported , could come from either the ignorant ruler of the Chinese 1 Empire or the Great Powers . Sun also emphasized: What are the disasters which threaten us and from what direction do they come ? They come from the Great Powers , and they are: .first, political oppression ; second , economic oppression, and third , the more rapid growth of population among the Powers. These three disasters from without are already upon our heads , a�d our people are in a most dange rous situation . The following books , which Sun completed between 191 6 and 19211 provide evidence that he introduced some plans for his people : 2 Doc trine of Sun Wen (another name for Sun Yat-sen ) , based on his formula that "to know is difficult, but to carry out is easy. " (for " Psychological Reconstruction11) The International Development of China . (for �'Material Reconstruction ") The Preliminary Steps to Democracy . (for "Societal Reconstruction 1') 3 His famous discourse "Three Principles of the People ," also a plan for the reconstruction of his country , was originally expressed through sixteen lectures (six for "The Principle of Nationalism, " six for "The Principle of Democ racy ," and four for "The Princ iple of Livel ihood") , though not finished before his death in 1925. As described in one book: In January , 1924 , Dr. Sun started a series of lectures on the "Three Princ iples of the People" in the hall of Kwang-tung Senior Normal School in Canton ....Ea ch lecture lasted for two hour� . The lectures continued from January to August . The book , Three Principles of the People, is a result of both Mr . Hwang Chang-ku 's stenographic report of the lec- 5 tures and Mr . Tsou Lu ' s rev1. s1. ons . Sun was even d escribed as a "born orator" : Sun Yat�sen_ wa s a born orator. His straight, slender figure , his thin square face, his burning and fearless eyes , impressed all who saw him , and when he spoke , his deep and ardent voice was irresistible. But most convincing of _all was his honesty . Integrity shone from his every look , and it was clear to all that here was an unselfish 3 man , devoted to the freedo� of his country and the benefit of his people. It is also a common ly-he ld truism in Chinese society that he was the first political figure in Chinese history who relied on public speaking as an important channel of communication . Sun has been stud ied exten sively from a historical- biographical perspective during the last few decades. The following are some instances: Buck , Pearl . The Man Who Changed China : The Story of Sun Yat-sen . New York : Random House , 1953. Ganschow , Thomas William. "A Study of Sun Yat-sen 's Contacts with the United States Prior to 1922." Ph.D. dissertation- in History , ·Indiana Univer­ sity , 1971. Jansen , Marius B. The Japanese , and Sun Yat-sen . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1954 . Schiffrin , Harold Z. Sun Yat-sen : Reluc tant Revolutionary. Canada : Little , Brown , 1980. There is no difficulty in finding literature about Sun 's biography or thought at any library throughout the United States. Yet he doe s not appear to have been studied rhetorically by Oriental or We s tern scholars to any signifi- cant extent in spite of the fact that he depended heavily on speech making . This conclusion was based on a review of . literature detailed later under "Methodology of the Investi- gation ." As a speech student from Chinese society , it was reasonable for me to do a systematic study of _ Sun's "Three Principles of the Peoplen speeches analyzing them from a 4 rhetorical point of view . As a beginning study , the inquiry focu�ed on inductive support and deductive reason ing of the logical proof within Sun's "Three Principles of the People" speeches . The reasons for this choice included the follow- ing : 1. The territory for any research should be properly limited for more effective and manageable inquiry . 2. As many scholars agreed : • while the Rhetoric surely gives emotional and ethical proof due consideration , Aristotle held to his conviction that the most important ingredient of a speech is rat�onal demonstration through severe argumentation . writers who want to persuade with an app�al to reason frequently rely on one of the two tra­ ditional forms of logical discourse : induction and deduction . These terms are simply formal labels for re§- soning processes that are familiar to all of us . Wheneve r we discuss in terms of Aristotelian rhetoric , logical proof deserves the attention · of first priority . And induction and deduction are the two major forms of logical proof . 3. It was only inductive support and deductive reasoning of logical proof that cou ld make a speaker distinctive in a beginning twentieth century Chinese soci- ety , where , as David Nelson Rowe reported , ". rel iance upon subjective mental process carne to characterize the ruling bureaucracy . through the ages •. " 9 The choice of inductive support and deductive reasoning as the focus of 5 this research on the . speeches of Dr. Sun Yat-sen might also be justified in this way . Purpose of the Investigation The purpose of this study was to determine the extensiveness and the effectiveness of inductive support and deductive reasoning revealed in selected "Three Princ iples of the· People" speeches made by Dr.